Élica A.C. Guedes, and Teresinha G. da Silva, and Jaciana S. Aguiar, and Lurdiana D. de Barros, and Laura M. Pinotti, and Antonio E.G. Sant’Ana

This paper presents an investigation on the cytotoxic activity in human tumor cell from dichloromethane, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, water extracts, and hexane and chloroform fractions from green, brown and red algae collected at Riacho Doce Beach, north coast of Alagoas, Brazil, against the cancer cells K562 (chronic myelocytic leukemia), HEp-2 (laryngeal epidermoid carcinoma) and NCI-H292 (human lung mucoepidermoid carcinoma) through the MTT colorimetric method. The dichloromethane extract ...

Carlos Salaverría Echegaray, and Lou Anne Acevedo, and Daniela Ángel, , and Javier Márquez, and Tamaris Márquez, and Julman Cermeño, and María Quijada

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los hallazgos ultasonográficos sugestivos de toxocariasis visceral en una muestra de 77 habitantes, entre 0 y 17 años de edad, de ambos sexos, con factores de riesgo clínico-epidemiológico y serológicamente positivos o negativos para Toxocara canis. Los pacientes habitaban en la población de La Laguna de Conoma, municipio Guanta del estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela y aceptaron participar voluntariamente por consentimiento de sus padres o representantes. Se ...

Yenkai Lim, and Chamindie Punyadeera

Saliva is considered as the front-line of non-invasive diagnostics as novel biomarkers continue to emerge for an array of systemic diseases. Biomarker development pipeline relies heavily on pre-analytical process such as saliva collection, handling, transport and storage. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the applicability of MAWI Cell Stabilization (MCS) buffer to transport and store saliva samples at room temperature for downstream applications. Human and bacterial genomic D...

Marta Carreton, and Joan B. Company, and Laia Planella, and Sandra Heras, and José-Luis García-Marín, and Melania Agulló, and Morane Clavel-Henry, and Guiomar Rotllant, and Antonina dos Santos, and María Inés Roldán

The early life stages of the blue and red shrimp Aristeus antennatus (Decapoda: Dendrobranchiata: Penaeoidea: Aristeidae) were described by Heldt in 1955 based on plankton samples, larval rearing and assumptions of species habitat. Even with adequate keys, identification of its first larval stages remained a difficult task due to the lack of specific morphological characters which would differentiate them from other Penaeoidea species. Larvae of Aristeus antennatus were collected in the continen...

Manoj Kumer Ghosh, and Lalit Kumar, and Philip Kibet Langat

This research reveals the magnitude of mangrove area loss and future impacts on mangrove species composition and distribution due to rise in Mean Sea Level (MSL). In this study, a geospatial model of potentially inundated areas was developed using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data to assess the potential impacts of sea level rise (SLR) on the spatial distribution of mangrove species and estimate the potential inundation and subsequent mangrove area loss. The mangrove areas of 2646 ha, 9599 ha a...

Erika M. Stein, and Levi P. Machado, and Henrique K. Roffato, and Patricia A. Miyasato, and Eliana Nakano, and Pio Colepicolo, and Daniel X. Andreguetti

Schistosomiasis may be caused by six different species of the genus Schistosoma. Current treatment is based only on two drugs: oxamniquine, which is only effective against the Schistosoma mansoni species, and praziquantel, which is ineffective against young parasites. Therefore, research on new drugs and their targets for the treatment of this disease is urgently needed. In the present work, the efficacies of several seaweeds extracts against S. mansoni were tested. Worm couples were incubated w...

Turmel Monique, and Otis Christian, and Lemieux Claude

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The Viridiplantae comprise two major phyla: the Streptophyta, containing the charophycean green algae and all land plants, and the Chlorophyta, containing the remaining green algae. Despite recent progress in unravelling phylogenetic relationships among major green plant lineages, problematic nodes still remain in the green tree of life. One of the major issues concerns the scaly biflagellate <it>Mesostigma viride</it>, which is either regarded as representin...

Hagberg Lars, and Lindholm Lars

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The cost of time spent on exercise is an important factor in societal-perspective health economic analyses of interventions aimed at promoting physical activity. However, there are no existing measuring methods for estimating time costs. The aim of this article is to describe a way to measure the costs of time spent on physical activity. We propose a model for measuring these time costs, and present the results of a pilot study applying this model to differen...

Hartung Daniel M, and Hamer Ann, and Middleton Luke, and Haxby Dean, and Fagnan Lyle J

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Academic detailing is an interactive, convenient, and user-friendly approach to delivering non-commercial education to healthcare clinicians. While evidence suggests academic detailing is associated with improvements in prescribing behavior, uncertainty exists about generalizability and scalability in diverse settings. Our study evaluates different models of delivering academic detailing in a rural family medicine setting.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We conducted a...

Fournier Pierre, and Tourigny Caroline, and Dumont Alexandre

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In sub-Saharan Africa, maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity are major problems. Service availability and quality of care in health facilities are heterogeneous and most often inadequate. In resource-poor settings, the facility-based maternal death review or audit is one of the most promising strategies to improve health service performance. We aim to explore and describe health workers' perceptions of facility-based maternal death reviews and to ide...

Pedersen, Stig A. Schack, and Boldreel, Lars Ole, and Madsen, Emil Bach, and Filtenborg, Mette Bjerkvig, and Nielsen, Lars Henrik

Qing Dai, and Lifen Sui, and Lingxuan Wang, and Tian Zeng, and Yuan Tian

To further improve the performance of UKF (Unscented Kalman Filter) algorithm used in BDS/SINS (BeiDou Navigation Satellite System/Strap down Inertial Navigation System), an improved GM-UKF (Gaussian Mixture Unscented Kalman Filter) considering non-Gaussian distribution is discussed in this paper. This new algorithm using SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) is proposed to alternative covariance square root calculation in UKF sigma point production. And to end the rapidly increasing number of Gaus...

Alipour Hossein, and Pourkhabbaz Alireza, and Hassanpour Mehdi

The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations As, Cu, Fe, and Zn in the livers, gills, and muscles of vobla or Caspian roach, Rutilus caspicus (Yakovlev), and bighead goby, Neogobius gorlap (Iljin), from the Miankaleh wetland. The results showed that metal accumulation in the liver tissues was higher than in the gills and muscles for all metals, and Fe concentration was higher than Zn, Cu, and As in all the tissues studied. The concentrations of As, Cu, Fe, and Zn in the livers...

Galli P., and Benzoni F., and Strona G., and Stefani F., and Kritsky D.

Chhablani J, and Jhingan M, and Goud A, and Vupparaboina KK, and Das T

Jay Chhablani, Mahima Jhingan, Abhilash Goud, Kiran Kumar Vupparaboina, Taraprasad Das Smt Kanuri Santhamma Retina Vitreous Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dexamethasone implantation on the hard exudates (HEX) in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME). Study design: This was a nonrandomized open-label single-center prospective trial. Methods: This study included 15 eyes of 11 subjects with DME. Key inclusion c...

Siya Liu, and Pengpeng Song, and Renjian Ou, and Wenhong Fang, and Mao Lin, and Jiming Ruan, and Xianle Yang, and Kun Hu

Saprolegniasis, caused by Saprolegnia infection, is one of the most common diseases in freshwater fish. Our study aimed to determine the epidemiological characteristics of saprolegniasis in Chinese regions of high incidence. Saprolegnia were isolated and identified by morphological and molecular methods targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and building neighbor-joining (NJ) and maximum parsimony (MP) phylogenetic trees. The ITS sequences of eight isolated strains ...

Yong Yang, and Shuqing Cui, and Yuanyong Ni, and Fengrui Wang, and Yihan Yang, and Shumin Lang

A multi-lateral horizontal well is one of the main well types employed in the coal bed methane (CBM) development. In a traditional CBM multi-lateral horizontal well, either a major hole or laterals will go crossing through coal beds to the largest extent, which may eventually result in bed collapse, footage failing to meet the design requirement, and the major hole unable to be monitored, re-entered and flushed. Therefore, this paper puts forward a design idea of a tree-like horizontal well comp...

Valsamis Epaminondas Markos, and Ricketts David, and Hussain Adnan, and Jenabzadeh Amir-Reza

Introduction: Imageless navigation has been successfully integrated in knee arthroplasty but its effectiveness in total hip arthroplasty (THA) has been debated. It has consistently been shown that navigation adds significant time and cost to the operation. Further, the relative success of traditional hip replacements has impeded the adoption of new techniques. Methods: We compared the operative time between fifty total hip replacements with and without the use of imageless navigation by a single...

Choi SI, and Lee SH, and Park JY, and Kim KA, and Lee EJ, and Lee SY, and In KH

Sue In Choi,1,* Seung Hyeun Lee,2,* Ji-Young Park,3 Kyoung-Ah Kim,3 Eun Joo Lee,1 Sang Yeub Lee,1 Kwang Ho In1 1Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; 2Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; 3Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Korea University College of Medicine,...

P. Cerralbo, and P. Cerralbo, and M. F.-Pedrera Balsells, and M. Mestres, and M. Mestres, and M. Fernandez, and M. Espino, and M. Espino, and M. Grifoll, and A. Sanchez-Arcilla, and A. Sanchez-Arcilla

<p>In this contribution we investigate the hydrodynamic response in Alfacs Bay (Ebro Delta, NW Mediterranean Sea) to different anthropogenic modifications in freshwater flows and inner bay–open sea connections. The fresh water coming from rice field irrigation contains nutrients and pesticides and therefore affects in multiple ways the productivity and water quality of the bay. The application of a nested oceanographic circulation modelling suite within the bay provides objective information to ...

M.A. Salam, and S.C. Paul, and S.N.B.M. Noor, and S.A. Siddiqua, and T.D. Aka, and R. Wahab, and E.R. Aweng

Rapid industrialization along with advanced agricultural activities led to the contamination in aquatic environment with heavy metals. Heavy metals ultimately pass into human body through having aquatic animals like fish, prawn and crab. In this study, accumulation of heavy metals (zinc, copper, iron, cadmium and lead) in various organs of four commonly consumed fish (<em>Euthynnus affinis</em>, <em>Pampus argenteus, </em><em>Descapterus macrosoma, </em>and<em> Leiognathus daura</em>), prawn (<e...

Jan NOVÁK, and Gabriela BASAŘOVÁ, and Pavel DOSTÁLEK

The objective of this work was to study the metabolic activity of three strains of lager yeast in relation to the utilization of main wort sugars glucose, maltose and fructose. Yeast strains No. 2, 7 and 95 (marked in accordance with RIBM 655 - Culture Collection of Brewing Yeasts) were used in the study. The experiments were carried out in pilot plant scale fermenter at the temperature of 13 °C. The original gravity of wort was 12 % and the malt in grist was partly substituted by unmalted barle...

Fernandes Paulo M

The prediction of the forward rate of forest fire spread is crucial to fire modeling and fire management. An empirical equation is available to estimate the rate of spread of surface fires in maritime pine stands from local fuel, terrain and weather conditions. However, the equation was primarily developed from experimental small fires under mild weather conditions. The ability to predict the spread rate of wildfires is examined. Underestimation was generalized, with a mean observed-to-predicted...

Gómez-García E, and Fonseca Teresa F, and Crecente-Campo F, and Almeida Luís R, and Diéguez-Aranda U, and Huang S, and Marques Carlos P

Tree height is a key variable in forest monitoring studies and for forest management. However, tree height measurement is time consuming, and the recommended procedure is to use estimates from height-diameter models. Here, we compare height-diameter model forms and approaches for predicting tree height (h) as a function of tree diameter at breast height (d) and additional stand level covariates. Four model forms were evaluated: (i) basic models (which only used d as predictor variable); (ii) gen...

Almir M. Cunico, and Angelo A. Agostinho, and João D. Latini

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar padrões espaciais na composição, estrutura e distribuição das assembléias de peixes e suas relações com características abióticas em três córregos urbanos da cidade de Maringá, Paraná, Brasil. Peixes foram coletados ao longo de um gradiente longitudinal utilizando pesca elétrica nos meses de maio e novembro de 2004. Temperatura, nitrogênio, pH, oxigênio e fósforo foram as variáveis que mais influenciaram a análise de componentes principais (CPA). Riqueza...

Chundru Venkata Naga Sirisha, and Ram M Manohar

Context: Free radical associated damages play a major role in causation of cancer in tobacco habituates. The free radicals released by tobacco bring about alterations in antioxidant levels in humans and these free radical associated damages are reflected through antioxidant enzyme activities in blood. Aims: To evaluate the effects of tobacco consumption on the erythrocyte Antioxidant enzymes-Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) as they act as first line of defense antioxi...

Maria Alice Leite Lima, and Carolina Rodrigues da Costa Doria

This study evaluated various aspects of the profile of pacu (Mylossoma spp., Myleus spp., Metynnis spp.) fish marketed on the Cai N’água floating platform of Porto Velho (RO) from 1985 to 2004. Inter- and intra-annual variations in yield, variation in fish length and general characteristics of the fishing are reported. The annual pacu yield ranged from 33,000kg to 146,000kg (average = 86,585kg), representing from 6.6% to 20.45% of the total landings in the studied period. These variations follow...

Ponlachart Chotikarn, and Werapong Koedsin, and Boonlua Phongdara, and Pattara Aiyarak

A submarine robot is a semi-autonomous submarine robot used mainly for marine environmental research. We aim todevelop a low cost, semi-autonomous submarine robot which is able to travel underwater. The robot’s structure was designedand patented using a novel idea of the diving system employing a volume adjustment mechanism to vary the robot’s density.A light weight, flexibility and small structure provided by PVC can be used to construct the torpedo-liked shape robot.Hydraulic seal and O-ring r...

Simone Barcellos de Jesus Targueta, and Ana Paula de Freitas Soares , and Janaína Ribeiro do Nascimento , and Henrique Rego Monteiro da Hora , and Helder Gomes Costa

O presente trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa qualitativa realizada em uma empresa de inspeção, manutenção e reparo de equipamentos que acumulam pressão e de equipamentos destinados à segurança da região Norte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro que, por força de mercado, decidiu implantar um sistema integrado de gestão da qualidade com base nas NBR’s ISO 9001:2008, 14001:2004(Sistema de Gestão Ambiental) e OHSAS 18001:2007(Segurança e Saúde). Nesta pesquisa, buscou-se confrontar os r...

M. Arias-Hidalgo, and B. Bhattacharya, and A. E. Mynett, and A. van Griensven

At present, new technologies are becoming available to extend the coverage of conventional meteorological datasets. An example is the TMPA-3B42R dataset (research – v6). The usefulness of this satellite rainfall product has been investigated in the hydrological modeling of the Vinces River catchment (Ecuadorian lowlands). The initial TMPA-3B42R information exhibited some features of the precipitation spatial pattern (e.g., decreasing southwards and westwards). It showed a remarkable bias compare...

Masson, L. , and Alfaro, T. , and Camilo, C. , and Carvalho, A. , and Illesca, P. , and Torres, R. , and Tavares do Carmo, M. , and Mancini-Filho, J. , and Bernal, C.

Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC) methods such as AOAC Fat in foods 966.06 (2005), AOCS Official Methods Ce 1h-05 (2005), Ce 1j-07 (2007), allow for analyzing the fatty acids (FAs) in dietary fats using highly polar liquid phase capillary columns. However, there are still difficulties in completely separating butiric acid from solvent, FA critical pairs with similar polarity, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers, and long chainpolyunsaturated FAs (LC-PUFAs). Therefore, the selection of the tempe...

Daphne Wrobel Goldberg, and Juçara Wanderlinde, and Isabel Maria Alexandre Freire, and Luiz Cesar Pereira da Silva, and Nadia Regina Pereira Almosny

Sea turtles are threatened to the point of extinction. The major goal of rehabilitating sick individuals is to eventually reintroduce them back into their habitat. In this way, they contribute to species preservation, as well as maintaining equilibrium of the ecosystems. Biochemical analysis is a commonly used test to detect illness and evaluate the general health of the animals. However, the data in the literature on sea turtles are scarce and the majority of studies used small sample sizes, be...

Sidney Seckler Ferreira Filho

Lee JK, and Choi DS, and Jang I, and Choi WY

Jae-Kwan Lee,1,4 Dong-Soon Choi,2,4 Insan Jang,2,4 Won-Youl Choi3,4 1Department of Periodontology, 2Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, 3Department of Metal and Materials Engineering, 4Research Institute for Dental Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea Abstract: TiO2 nanotube arrays on the surface of dental implants were fabricated by two-step anodic oxidation. Their effects on bone-implant contact were researched by a pilot in vivo study. The ...

Miguel Angel Moreles, and francisco Solis

The logistic equation has been used to model a population where the intrinsic rate of growth is a linearly decreasing function of the population density. We propose some models arising from discretizations of perturbed logistic equation where external factors such as harvesting and migration are included. The different discretizations exhibit diverse dynamic asymptotic behavior when dependence on two control parameters are allowed. We also give an alternative method to provide with new models t...

Sri Yudawati Cahyarini

<p>DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.17014/ijog.v1i2.179" target="_blank">10.17014/ijog.v1i2.179</a></p><p><span>Variation of δ13C content in coral skeletons shows the influence of metabolic fractionation in aragonite coral. Understanding coral δ13C variation can thus be useful to more understand<span> </span><em><span>e.g.</span></em><span><em> </em></span>past bleaching event which is further useful for coral health and conservation. In this study, δ13C content in<span> </span><em><span>Porit...

A.M.K. El-Ghonemy

Multi-Stage-Flash (MSF) Distillation is a large scale sea water desalination plants that are widely used in Gulf area. Most installations of MSF plants are operated in cogeneration with a power plant. Also, MSF plants can be combined with other desalination technologies such as Nano filtration and Reverse osmosis (RO) in new installation. However, the new MSF plants are recommended, where large amounts of cheap or waste energy are available (e.g. conventional power plants). Also, the plant locat...

Vivek Velayudhan Nair, and Sunila Thomas, and Jincy Thomas, and Shabna Fathima, and Deena Thomas, and Tomson Thomas

The aim was to compare age estimation using Cameriere’s and Demirjian’s methods to chronologic age in children with mixed dentition in a rural population of Kerala. The present study comprised of 10 subjects of age range 7-12 years. Dental age was assessed using Cameriere’s and Demirjian’s methods and was compared to the chronologic age. Panoramic radiographs were used for assessment of dental age. Data were analysed using paired t-test. The mean of difference obtained was 0.92 and the pvalue wa...

Bola Aladegbami, and Pamela M Choi, and Martin S Keller, and Adam M Vogel

Background: Examine the characteristics and outcomes of pediatric trauma patients at risk for coagulopathy following implementation of viscoelastic monitoring. Materials and Methods: Injured children, aged <18 years, from September 7, 2014, to December 21, 2015, at risk for trauma-induced coagulopathy were identified from a single, level-1 American College of Surgeons verified pediatric trauma center. Patients were grouped by coagulation assessment: no assessment (NA), conventional coagulation t...

Filina-Dawidowicz Ludmiła

This paper is aimed at presentation of a set of methods for rationalization of servicing containerized refrigerated cargoes in sea ports. During servicing reefer containers in port container terminals, take place various combinations of risk factors which can lead to loss of quality merits of cargoes contained in them. In the paper the risk factors capable of influencing quality of cargoes during their servicing in sea port, are identified, and the elaborated model for assessing risk level with...

Moskalewicz Damian, and Sokołowski Robert J., and Fedorowicz Stanisław

Fluvial sediments in the Chłapowo cliff section were studied in order to reconstruct their palaeoflow conditions and stratigraphical position. Lithofacies, textural and palaeohydraulic analyses as well as luminescence dating were performed so as to achieve the aim of study. Sedimentary successions were identified as a record of point bar cycles. The fluvial environment probably functioned during the latest Saalian, shortly after the retreat of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet. Discharge outflow was di...

Angela D. Millar, and Paz Tapia, and Fernando A. Gómez, and Sergio H. Marshall, and Derie E. Fuentes, and Jorge H. Valdes

Background: Draft and complete genome sequences from bacteria are key tools to understand genetic determinants involved in pathogenesis in several disease models. Piscirickettsia salmonis is a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for the Salmon Rickettsial Syndrome (SRS), a bacterial disease that threatens the sustainability of the Chilean salmon industry. In previous reports, complete and draft genome sequences have been generated and annotated. However, the lack of transcriptome data underestim...

Elafri Ali, and Belhamra Mouhamed, and Houhamdi Moussa

Every year, the Coastal wetlands of North Africa support an important wintering waterbird population of many Palearctic and sub-Saharan species of various contrasting habitat requirements. In this study, we describe the habitat use by24 water-obligate species wintering in a coastal wetland of the Northeastern Algeria (the wetland of Lake Tonga), highlighting thereby the ecological mechanisms that support their coexistence and their resources partitioning. The analysis of resource exploitation (R...

Jakob Nakić

The paper analyses the legal status of a public good as well as the common good in the Republic of Croatia. It also gives a comparative overview of the status of maritime goods in several European countries as well as the state legal successor of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Finally, given the attitude of the authors on how to make the maritime domain in the future should have the legal status of public goods owned by the Croatian.

Cieśliński Roman, and Chlost Izabela, and Budzisz Marta

The purpose of this paper is to describe water circulation patterns for selected lakes found along the Baltic coast in northern Poland and to determine primary recharge mechanisms or pathways that produce an influx or loss of lake water. A secondary purpose of the paper is to determine the magnitude of recharge for each studied source of water – river water influx, surface runoff from direct catchments, forced influx from polders surrounding lakes, and periodic marine water intrusions from the n...

Eliete Zanardi-Lamardo, and Carlos Augusto França Schettini, and Amanda Alves Vieira-Campos, and Carolina Barbosa Cabral, and Marília S. Silva

Abstract The Suape Estuary encompasses the Suape Industrial Port Complex (SIPC), a major industrial development in Brazil's Northeast region, which, in order to be implanted, caused drastic environmental changes in this system. This study presents the first physical characterization of the Suape estuarine system, focusing on the local hydrodynamics, material transport and its influence on some specific properties. Physical properties were also associated to dissolved dispersed petroleum hydrocar...

M. Ravoninjatovo, and Z. Randriamahatody, and C. Ravonizafy, and B. Ramananjaona, and M. Rajaonarivony, and H. Randrianatoro, and A. Rajoelisoa

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Georgina D. Arthur, and Adeyemi O. Aremu, and Mack Moyo, and Wendy A. Stirk, and Johannes van Staden

Kelpak® – a liquid seaweed concentrate made from the kelp Ecklonia maxima (Osbeck) Papenfuss – is used as a natural biostimulant to promote rooting and improve yield in crops. Plant–soil environmental conditions and the chemistry of water used for irrigation may affect the efficiency of Kelpak. The effect of pH (pH 4.5, 6.5 and 8.5) and water hardness (200 mg/L and 400 mg/L Ca2+) on the growth-promoting ability of Kelpak was assessed using the mungbean rooting bioassay and in a pot trial with Sw...

Alan Smith, and Lisa A. Guastella, and Andrew A. Mather, and Simon C. Bundy, and Ivan D. Haigh

Severe coastal erosion occurred along the KwaZulu-Natal coastline between mid-May and November 2011. Analysis of this erosion event and comparison with previous coastal erosion events in 2006/2007 offered the opportunity to extend the understanding of the time and place of coastal erosion strikes. The swells that drove the erosion hotspots of the 2011 erosion season were relatively low (significant wave heights were between 2 m and 4.5 m) but of long duration. Although swell height was important...

Philip Lloyd

This paper describes the results of a pilot programme to introduce ethanol gel as a replacement for paraffin for cooking in a low-income informal settlement, Samora Machel, in the Philippi district of Cape Town. A baseline study had shown that paraffin was the dominant source of energy in this community, and that the community knew that its use was both hazardous and unhealthy, but they had no apparent alternative. A gel fuel meeting the requirements of SANS 448 was identified and supplies order...