Demarques Ribeiro da Silva Junior, and Sérgio Ricardo Santos, and Marcelo Travassos, and Marcelo Vianna

Dredging and dredge-spoil disposal are among the major problems in coastal management. Many of the scientific contributions concerning the impacts of this practice are based on the study of sessile organisms and subtropical environments. We evaluated changes in the composition and abundance of a fish assemblage resulting from dredging and sediment disposal at the mouth and in the adjacent waters of the Caravelas River on the north-eastern coast of Brazil. Samples were collected in two directly i...

Ahmet Özçam, and Esra Karadeniz

<p><em>This study uses the Ordinal Logistic Model (OLM) to analyze the determinants of the growth expectations of total early-stage entrepreneurship activity (TEA) expressed in terms of new jobs to be created within their firms in four categories. Specifically, given the increasing importance of entrepreneurship in job creation, innovation and economic growth, we try to inquire into the question of why some of the new entrepreneurs and not the others expect a rapid development of their ventures....

Juliana Spelta Valbuza, and Márcio Moysés de Oliveira, and Cristiane Fiquene Conti, and Lucila Bizari F. Prado, and Luciane B.C. Carvalho, and Gilmar Fernandes do Prado

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has high prevalence and may cause serious comorbities. The aim of this trial was to show if simple noninvasive methods such as gag reflex and palatal reflex are prospective multivariate assessments of predictor variables for OSA. METHOD: We evaluate gag reflex and palatal reflex, of fifty-five adult patients, and their subsequent overnight polysomnography. RESULTS: Forty-one participants presented obstructive sleep apnea. The most relevant findings in our study were...

Matthew J. Hewitt, and Justin I. McDonald

Crab condos are designed to sample for invasive species, which are not specifically targeted using current Australian biosecuritymethodologies. Smaller crab species are often excluded, overlooked and damaged to be collected via current trapping or collection methods.An artificial habitat collector such as the ‘crab condo’ (PVC tubes 25cm long and 50mm diameter arranged in a 3×3 square matrix) aims toprovide shelter among an animal’s natural environment. Twenty condos were deployed on a weekly ba...

Suzi Meneses Ribeiro, and Éverson Miguel Bianco, and Ricardo Rogers, and Camilla Ferreira Souza, and Renato Crespo Pereira

Hyacinth G Armstrong

Environmental education is a relatively new area on the primary school curriculum of Trinidad and Tobago.Because of the close relationship between human activities and the degradation of the natural environment in Tobago,environmental education will become increasingly important to the preservation and conservation of the island ’s fragile natural resources.Current teaching methods rely heavily on text books and utilise a lecture style that does not promote student interaction. Unfortunately, th...

C.C.P. Hardoim, and C.J. Cox, and R.S. Peixoto, and A.S. Rosado, and R. Costa, and J.D. van Elsas

Poribacterial clone libraries constructed for Aplysina fulva sponge specimens were analysed with respect to diversity and phylogeny. Results imply the coexistence of several, prevalently "intraspecific" poribacterial genotypes in a single sponge host, and suggest quantitative analysis as a desirable approach in studies of the diversity and distribution of poribacterial cohorts in marine sponges.

Konan Kouassi, S., and Kone, A., and Anet, CM., and Diaby, M., and N'Da, K.

The Ecology of Polynemids: Poydactylus quadrifilis (Cuvier, 1829), Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch, 1795) and Pentanemus quinquarius (Linné, 1758) of the Artisanal Marine Fisheries of Grand Lahou (Ivory Coast). The ecology of Polynemids (Poydactylus quadrifilis, Galeoides decadactylus and Pentanemus quinquarius has been studied starting from the unloads of the artisanal marine fisheries of Grand Lahou (Ivory Coast). The temperature of the littoral is high during June and May with an average of 27,...

D. Cromwell

We investigate the spatial and temporal variability of sea surface height (SSH) in the North Atlantic basin using satellite altimeter data from October 1992&ndash;January 2004. Our primary aim is to provide a detailed description of such variability, including that associated with propagating signals. We also investigate possible correlations between SSH variability and atmospheric pressure changes as represented by climate indices. <P> We first investigate interannual SSH variations by deriving...

Paulo C. Simões-Lopes, and Marta E. Fabián, and João O. Menegheti

A detailed analysis of the interactions between Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821) and the artisanal fishing of mullets (Mugil spp.) is presented at two localities in the south of Brazil: Laguna (Santa Catarina) and Inibé/Tramandaí (Rio Grande do Sul). Its behavioral strategies and the advantages of their association are re-described and quantified based on the success of the capture and on the selectivity of the prey sizes. The mullets are the main resource involved (92% to 75%) both at numeric...

Elizabeth K, and Gopakumar H, and Koshy Gibby

V.R.S. Cezar, and R.L. Villas Boas, and M.R. Corrêa, and E. Negrisoli, and E.D. Velini

Com o intuito de buscar informações sobre a degradação de macrófitas aquáticas descartadas em pilhas, após ações do controle mecânico, foi conduzido um experimento no Departamento de Recursos Naturais - Ciências Ambientais, UNESP, campus de Botucatu-SP. Para atender o objetivo proposto, foram montadas pilhas com volume de 2,25 m³, compostas, principalmente, por três espécies de macrófitas, retiradas do reservatório da UHE Americana/SP. Foram coletadas amostras na montagem das pilhas, aos 15, 30,...

Riedle J.D., and Kazmaier R.T., and Killian J., and Littrell W.B.

The community structure of stream communities are treated as bioassays of stream ecosystems and changes to species patterns within those communities reflect response to multiple stressors including natural fluctuations in environmental variables. Research has focused on the structure of fish assemblages and there is increasing interest in environmental factors structuring turtle communities. Both fishes and turtles can be sampled using common met...

Holly M Simon, and Holly M Simon, and Maria W Smith, and Maria W Smith, and Lydie eHerfort, and Lydie eHerfort

Our previously published research was one of the pioneering studies on the use of metagenomics to directly compare taxonomic and metabolic properties of aquatic microorganisms from different filter size-fractions. We compared size-fractionated water samples representing free-living and particle-attached communities from four diverse habitats in the Columbia River coastal margin, analyzing 12 metagenomes consisting of >5 million sequence reads (>1.6 Gbp). With predicted peptide and rRNA data we e...

Heebum Lee, and Mi Yeon Park, and Sunho Park, and Shin Hyung Rhee

One of the most important factors in sailing yacht design is accurate velocity prediction. Velocity prediction programs (VPP's) are widely used to predict velocity of sailing yachts. VPP's, which are primarily based on experimental data and experience of long years, however suffer limitations when applied in realistic conditions. Thus, in the present study, a high fidelity velocity prediction method using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was proposed. Using the developed method, velocity and a...

R. S. Humphries, and R. Schofield, and M. D. Keywood, and J. Ward, and J. R. Pierce, and C. M. Gionfriddo, and M. T. Tate, and D. P. Krabbenhoft, and I. E. Galbally, and S. B. Molloy, and A. R. Klekociuk, and P. V. Johnston, and K. Kreher, and A. J. Thomas, and A. D. Robinson, and N. R. P. Harris, and R. Johnson, and S. R. Wilson

Aerosol observations above the Southern Ocean and Antarctic sea ice are scarce. Measurements of aerosols and atmospheric composition were made in East Antarctic pack ice on board the Australian icebreaker <i>Aurora Australis</i> during the spring of 2012. One particle formation event was observed during the 32 days of observations. This event occurred on the only day to exhibit extended periods of global irradiance in excess of 600 W m⁻². Within the single air mass influ...

Derek Soto, and Ernesto Weil

The sexual pattern, reproductive mode, and timing of reproduction of Isophyllia sinuosa and Isophyllia rigida, two Caribbean Mussids, were assessed by histological analysis of specimens collected monthly during 2000–2001. Both species are simultaneous hermaphroditic brooders characterized by a single annual gametogenetic cycle. Spermatocytes and oocytes of different stages were found to develop within the same mesentery indicating sequential maturation for extended planulation. Oogenesis took pl...

Jesús eFernández, and Miguel Ángel Toro, and Anna K Sonesson, and Beatriz eVillanueva

The success of an aquaculture breeding program critically depends on the way in which the base population of breeders is constructed since all the genetic variability for the traits included originally in the breeding goal as well as those to be included in the future is contained in those initial founders. Traditionally base populations were created from a number of wild strains by sampling equal numbers from each strain. However, for some aquaculture species improved strains are already availa...

R. Urbano, and B. Palenik, and C. J. Gaston, and K. A. Prather

Bioaerosols are emerging as important yet poorly understood players in atmospheric processes. Microorganisms can impact atmospheric chemistry through metabolic reactions and can potentially influence physical processes by participating in ice nucleation and cloud droplet formation. Microbial roles in atmospheric processes are thought to be species-specific and potentially dependent on cell viability. Using a coastal pier monitoring site as a sampling platform, culture-dependent (i.e. agar plates...

W. J. Bloss, and R. A. Salmon, and H. K. Roscoe, and A. E. Jones, and S. J.-B. Bauguitte, and P. S. Anderson, and J. M. C. Plane, and A. S. Mahajan, and A. Saiz-Lopez, and J. D. Lee, and D. E. Heard

A one-dimensional chemical transport model has been developed to investigate the vertical gradients of bromine and iodine compounds in the Antarctic coastal boundary layer (BL). The model has been applied to interpret recent year-round observations of iodine and bromine monoxides (IO and BrO) at Halley Station, Antarctica. The model requires an equivalent I atom flux of ~10¹⁰ molecule cm^&minus;2 s^&minus;1 from the snowpack in order to account for the measured IO ...

Ricardo S Rosa, and Naércio A Menezes

<abstract language="eng">The Brazilian fish fauna is still poorly known with respect to its diversity and conservation status, particularly of freshwater species. Human activities and population growth are rapidly impacting this fauna to an unchecked extent, so that many fish species are presently threatened. Also, some areas have been so critically altered that their fish fauna can no longer be properly inventoried. There is an urgent need to evaluate the conservation status of Brazilian fish s...

Y. Balkanski, and G. Myhre, and M. Gauss, and G. Rädel, and E. J. Highwood, and K. P. Shine

Aerosols and their precursors are emitted abundantly by transport activities. Transportation constitutes one of the fastest growing activities and its growth is predicted to increase significantly in the future. Previous studies have estimated the aerosol direct radiative forcing from one transport sub-sector, but only one study to our knowledge estimated the range of radiative forcing from the main aerosol components (sulphate, black carbon (BC) and organic carbon) for the whole transportation ...

Paulo César Simões-Lopes, and Leonardo Liberali Wedekin, and Fábio Gonçalves Daura-Jorge

The resident population of estuarine dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) in the North Bay, Santa Catarina Island, southern Brazil, was studied from September 2001 until July 2003 through periodical boat surveys. Using focal-group and sequential sampling, information such as geographical position and behavioral patterns were registered at 5-minute intervals. All the information collected was insert in a GIS database of the study area. Since patterns of seasonal variation concerning home range and behav...

Pegas Fernanda, and Stronza Amanda

Many environmentalists believe ecotourism has the potential to generate net benefits for people and nature. For more than two decades, the Brazilian Sea Turtle Conservation Program (TAMAR) has provided jobs and income through ecotourism in Praia do Forte, Brazil, in exchange for reduced harvesting of sea turtles. In this article we evaluate the relationships between ecotourism at TAMAR and local support for sea turtle conservation. Nine months of ethnographic research (2006-2008) suggest that ec...

Dariano Krummenauer, and Wilson Wasielesky Júnior, and Ronaldo Oliveira Cavalli, and Silvio Peixoto, and Paulo Roberto Zogbi

Neste trabalho, foi estudada a possibilidade de cultivar o camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus paulensis em gaiolas com diferentes densidades de estocagem durante o outono (abril a junho) no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos, RS. Juvenis com peso médio de 4,95g (&plusmn; 1,69 dp foram estocados em gaiolas nas densidades de 20, 40, 80, 100 e 120 ind/m². Os camarões foram alimentados diariamente ad libitum com pedaços de Corvina (Micropogonias furnieri). As sobrevivências e os pesos foram observados nos tempos...

W. Aguiar, and M. M. Mata, and R. Kerr

Open ocean deep convection is a common source of error in the representation of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) formation in ocean general circulation models. Although those events are well described in non-assimilatory ocean simulations, the recent appearance of a massive open ocean polynya in the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean Phase II reanalysis product (ECCO2) raises questions on which mechanisms are responsible for those spurious events and whether they are also pre...

J. Vergara-Temprado, and B. J. Murray, and T. W. Wilson, and D. O'Sullivan, and J. Browse, and K. J. Pringle, and K. Ardon-Dryer, and A. K. Bertram, and S. M. Burrows, and D. Ceburnis, and P. J. DeMott, and R. H. Mason, and C. D. O'Dowd, and M. Rinaldi, and K. S. Carslaw

Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are known to affect the amount of ice in mixed-phase clouds, thereby influencing many of their properties. The atmospheric INP concentration changes by orders of magnitude from terrestrial to marine environments, which typically contain much lower concentrations. Many modelling studies use parameterizations for heterogeneous ice nucleation and cloud ice processes that do not account for this difference because they were developed based on INP measurements made pre...

Alejandro A. Murillo, and Salvador eRamírez-Flandes, and Edward F. DeLong, and Osvaldo eUlloa

Sulfur-oxidizing Gamma-proteobacteria are abundant in marine oxygen-deficient waters, and appear to play a key role in a previously unrecognized cryptic sulfur cycle. Metagenomic analyses of members of the uncultured SUP05 lineage in the Canadian seasonally anoxic fjord Saanich Inlet (SI), hydrothermal plumes in the Guaymas Basin (GB) and single cell genomics analysis of two ARCTIC96BD-19 representatives from the South Atlantic Sub-Tropical Gyre (SASG) have shown them to be metabolically versati...

H. Grythe, and J. Ström, and R. Krejci, and P. Quinn, and A. Stohl

Sea-spray aerosols (SSA) are an important part of the climate system because of their effects on the global radiative budget – both directly as scatterers and absorbers of solar and terrestrial radiation, and indirectly as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) influencing cloud formation, lifetime, and precipitation. In terms of their global mass, SSA have the largest uncertainty of all aerosols. In this study we review 21 SSA source functions from the literature, several of which are used in current ...

Kristina A. Dahl, and Erika Spanger-Siegfried, and Astrid Caldas, and Shana Udvardy

Recurrent, tidally driven coastal flooding is one of the most visible signs of sea level rise. Recent studies have shown that such flooding will become more frequent and extensive as sea level continues to rise, potentially altering the landscape and livability of coastal communities decades before sea level rise causes coastal land to be permanently inundated. In this study, we identify US communities that will face effective inundation—defined as having 10% or more of livable land area flooded...

Milena TZANOVA, and Vasil ATANASOV, and Botjo ZAHARINOV, and Georgi BEEV, and Toncho DINEV, and Elica VALKOVA

Pesticides can be taken up from the water and accumulated in tissues of hydrobionts, often becoming multiplied thousands of times higher in the organism than in the surrounding water. The dithiocarbamate mancozeb is applied in plant protection as fungicide. In recent years the amount of mancozeb used in Europe significantly increased. It is carcinogen due to its metabolite - ethylene thiourea (ETU), which causes thyroid and pituitary tumors. The purpose of this study is to determinate the quanti...

R. BILGIN, and M. A. UTKAN, and E. KALKAN, and S. U. KARHAN, and M. BEKBÖLET

DNA barcoding is a useful tool for the identification and potential discovery of new species. In this study, DNA barcoding was employed by sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) to characterize the genetic diversity of 12 shrimp species inhabiting Turkish coastal waters and, when possible, to compare with the genetic data available from different parts of the Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic. This study also comprises the first DNA barcoding study performed in the...

N. Suthama, and P. J. Wibawa

Commom protein sources for poultry, fish meal and soybean meal, were ground to obtain reduced particle size. The particle was then dissolved in distilled water (1 : 4 w/v), and added with 2 mL virgin coconut oil for every 500 mL solution prior to ultrasound transducer (ultrasonic bath) treatment to obtain protein microparticle. Reducing particle size is one possible way to increase protein utilization.180 birds were used for forced feeding and 10 other birds were plotted for endogenous correctio...

Zheng Jinhai, and H. Mase, and Li Tongfei

The propagation and transformation of multi-directional and uni-directional random waves over a coast with complicated bathymetric and geometric features are studied experimentally and numerically. Laboratory investigation indicates that wave energy convergence and divergence cause strong coastal currents to develop and inversely modify the wave fields. A coastal spectral wave model, based on the wave action balance equation with diffraction effect (WABED), is used to simulate the transformation...

Maxim V. Vinarski

Lymnaea stagnalis (L., 1758) is among the most widespread and well-studied species of freshwater Mollusca of the northern hemisphere. It is also notoriously known for its huge conchological variability. The history of scientific exploration of this species may be traced back to the end of the 16th century (Ulisse Aldrovandi in Renaissance Italy) and, thus, L. stagnalis has been chosen as a proper model taxon to demonstrate how changes in theoretical foundations and methodology of animal taxonomy...

Lauren V Weatherdon, and Lauren V Weatherdon, and Alexandre K Magnan, and Alex David Rogers, and U Rashid eSumaila, and William W.L. Cheung

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) states that climate change and ocean acidification are altering the oceans at a rate that is unprecedented compared with the recent past, leading to multifaceted impacts on marine ecosystems, associated goods and services, and human societies. AR5 underlined key uncertainties that remain regarding how synergistic changes in the ocean are likely to affect human systems, and how humans are likely to respond to these...

Ilia eBurgsdorf, and Patrick M. Erwin, and Susanna eLópez-Legentil, and Carlo eCerrano, and Markus eHaber, and Sammy eFrenk, and Sammy eFrenk, and Laura eSteindler

The sponge Petrosia ficiformis is ubiquitous in the Mediterranean Sea and Eastern Atlantic Ocean hosting a diverse assembly of bacteria, including, in illuminated sites, cyanobacteria. Two closely related sponge color morphs have been described, one inside caves and at their entrance (white/pink), and one on the rocky cliffs (violet). The presence of the different morphs and their ubiquity in the Mediterranean (from North-West to South-East) provides an opportunity to examine which factors mostl...

Pickford, M., and Senut, B., and Morales, J.

Palaeontological field work in the Namib Sand Sea, east of Meob, Namibia, has led to the discovery of the lower dentition of an Early Pliocene hyaenid. The same aeolianite series contains abundant carnivore footprints and coprolites compatible in size with the dental remains. The closest match for the teeth is with the extinct species <i>Crocuta dietrichi</i>, the type locality of which is the Upper Laetoli Beds, Tanzania, ca 3.5-3.8 Ma. Elsewhere the species is reported to range in age from ca ...

Manoel J. Teixeira, and Massako Okada, and Ana Sofia Cueva Moscoso, and Mariana Yumi Takahashi Puerta, and Lin T. Yeng, and Ricardo Galhardoni, and Sérgio Tengan, and Daniel Ciampi de Andrade

OBJECTIVE: This research was designed as a pilot proof-of-concept study to evaluate the use of low-dose methadone in post-herpetic neuralgia patients who remained refractory after first and second line post-herpetic neuralgia treatments and had indications for adding an opioid agent to their current drug regimens. METHODS: This cross-over study was double blind and placebo controlled. Ten opioid naïve post-herpetic neuralgia patients received either methadone (5 mg bid) or placebo for three week...

André Luiz dos Santos Fonseca, and Murilo Minello, and Claudio Cardoso Marinho, and Francisco de Assis Esteves

The aim of this study was to evaluate methane concentration in water column and pore water at limnetic and littoral regions of a coastal lagoon. At the littoral region samples were taken from three monospecific macrophytes stands (Typha domingensis, Eleocharis interstincta and Potamogeton stenostachys). The methane concentration in the pore water at the littoral region was higher than the concentration found at the limnetic region in each fraction of the sediment. The higher methane concentratio...

Dionis Mauri Penning Blank, and Julio Renato Quevedo Marques, and Flávio Barbosa Justino

A Antártica tem papel relevante no domínio da circulação atmosférica e oceânica devido às mudanças sazonais consideráveis na concentração de gelo marinho. Há importante modificação sazonal nas dimensões do gelo que circunda seu continente. Entretanto, poucos estudos têm investigado a relação da Concentração de Gelo Marinho Antártico (CGMA) com outros elementos climáticos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em examinar a existência de conexão entre a CGMA e as classes fria e quente ...

Juan José Rosso, and Rolando Quirós

The Pampa Plain, in the central region of Argentina, is mostly drained by the Salado River. The fish fauna of this river is mostly known from field collections in lower reach lakes. Consequently, we aimed to explore the composition and structure of the fish assemblages in the upper Salado River lakes. Patterns in dominance and persistence of species and assemblage level attributes were correlated with environmental and human activity-derived (NO3:NH4) variables. Overall, 19,913 individuals of 17...

Felipe Garcia-Rodriguez, and Laura del Puerto, and Natalia Venturini, and Ana Laura Pita, and Ernesto Brugnoli, and Leticia Burone, and Pablo Muniz

A study on sediment surface diatom composition in relation to both protein/carbohydrate content and salinity was carried out in Montevideo Bay and the adjacent coastal zone. Samples were seasonally taken during one year along a human impact gradient, and the trophic conditions were assessed from the biochemical composition of the surface sediment organic matter. The co-occurrence of the marine-brackish (Actinocyclus curvatulus, Actinocyclus gallicus, Coscinodiscus excentricus, Coscinodiscus radi...

Michael Morando, and Douglas G Capone

Nitrogen can greatly influence the structure and productivity of microbial communities through its relative availability and form. However, roles of specific organisms in the uptake of different nitrogen species remain poorly characterized. Most studies seeking to identify agents of assimilation have been correlative, indirectly linking activity measurements (e.g., nitrate uptake) with the presence or absence of biological markers, particularly functional genes and their transcripts. Evidence is...

M. Ödalen, and J. Nycander, and K. I. C. Oliver, and L. Brodeau, and L. Brodeau, and A. Ridgwell, and A. Ridgwell

During the four most recent glacial cycles, atmospheric CO₂ during glacial maxima has been lowered by about 90–100 ppm with respect to interglacials. There is widespread consensus that most of this carbon was partitioned in the ocean. It is, however, still debated which processes were dominant in achieving this increased carbon storage. In this paper, we use an Earth system model of intermediate complexity to explore the sensitivity of ocean carbon storage to ocean circulation s...

Ji Thakur

Ieshko Evgeny Pavlovich, and Korosov Andrey

We studied the biological diversity of the parasite fauna in pike from four habitats found in northern lakes of Karelia. The curves of the expected species richness versus sampling effort (the number of examined specimens ) dependency were plotted. A universal approach to the description of the new species replenishment dynamics is proposed – including finding (through combinatorial analysis) the median value between the fastest and the slowest paths of the species richness growth followed by ...

George N. Galanis, and Panos K. Palamides

In this paper we study the generalized logistic equation $$ frac{du}{dt}=a(t)u^{n}-b(t)u^{n+(2k+1)},quad n,kin mathbb{N}, $$ which governs the population growth of a self-limiting specie, with $a(t)$, $b(t)$ being continuous bounded functions. We obtain a unique global, positive and bounded solution which, further, plays the role of a frontier which clarifies the asymptotic behavior or extensibility backwards and further it is an attractor forward of all positive solutions. We prove also that th...

Alexander Ivanov, and Tiiu Märss, and Anne Kleesment

Teeth of a new elasmobranch Karksiodus mirus gen. et sp. nov. were discovered on two levels in the sandstones of the Karksi outcrop (South Estonia), corresponding to the Härma Beds, lower part of the Burtnieki Regional Stage (Givetian, Middle Devonian). These teeth differ from all known Palaeozoic elasmobranch teeth in the presence of a unique wide transversal tube-shaped basal canal, in very fine and dense striation of cusps and in an arched base without well-developed extensions. The order and...

Frederico Henning, and Vladimir Trifonov, and Lurdes Foresti de Almeida-Toledo

Chromosome microdissection is a technique in which whole chromosomes or chromosomal segments are dissected under an inverted microscope yielding chromosome-specific sequences. Several protocol modifications introduced during the past 15 years reduced the number of chromosomes required for most applications. This is of particular interest to fish molecular cytogenetics, since most species present highly uniform karyotypes which make impossible the collection of multiple copies of the same chromos...