R. Henry, and G.E. Peoples, and P. McLennan

І. О. Alexeevs’ka, and E. V. Golovei, and V. M. Shepelenko, and N. I. Shtemenko

It was shown that some emergent aquatic plants may be used for treatment of waste waters. The plants have specific composition of surface lipids (SL). The SL composition was found to be changed under the influence of water pollutants. These changes concerned the processes of elongation and desaturation of the SL components. The response to contamination was specific for each species.

F. FANI, and C. NUCCIO, and L. LAZZARA, and L. MASSI, and C. BATTOCCHI, and A. PENNA

The Raphidophycean Fibrocapsa japonica Toriumi & Takano was detected for the first time offshore in the Eastern Alboran Sea (Western Mediterranean) in October 2006. Its distribution appeared very localised and atypical, as it was abundant only in the open waters of a cyclonic eddy. Microscope counts of the natural phytoplankton assemblages revealed that F. japonica was dominant in the microplankton, together with Dinophyceae, within and below the cyclonic nutrient-rich dome (25 - 30 m). Bacillar...

Goran Zdunić, and Irena Budić-Leto, and Urska Vrhovsek, and Iva Tomić-Potrebuješ, and Edi Maletić

Aims:A four-year study (2007 through 2010) was carried out to determine agronomic, biological, and oenological characteristics of Dobričić grapevines so as to evaluate this cultivar and protect it from extinction. Methods and results: 38 characteristics from the OIV descriptor list were used to describe young shoot, mature leaf, cluster, and berry morphology of Dobričić grapevines. The dimensions of an average leaf were constructed from measured leaf variables. A typical Dobričić genotype at nin...

Bjarte eBogstad, and Harald eGjøsæter, and Harald eGjøsæter, and Tore eHaug, and Ulf eLindstrøm

Cod, harp seal and minke whale are the main top predators in the Barents Sea ecosystem. In the last decade, the abundance of cod has increased considerably, and is at a record high level. In spite of this, the growth and condition of cod has remained rather stable, although some decrease is seen in size at age of large, mature cod. During the same period, the abundance of harp seals has declined whereas the minke whale stock has been at a stable level. The body condition (blubber thickness) of t...

Elizabeth D. Swanner, and Elizabeth D. Swanner, and Wenfang eWu, and Likai eHao, and Marina eWuestner, and Martin eObst, and Dawn Michelle Moran, and Matthew eMcIlvin, and Mak eSaito, and Andreas eKappler

Evidence for Fe(II) oxidation and deposition of Fe(III)-bearing minerals from anoxic or redox-stratified Precambrian oceans has received support from decades of sedimentological and geochemical investigation of Banded Iron Formations (BIF). While the exact mechanisms of Fe(II) oxidation remains equivocal, reaction with O2 in the marine water column, produced by cyanobacteria or early oxygenic phototrophs, was likely. In order to understand the role of cyanobacteria in the deposition of Fe(III) m...

Hamid Goharnejad, and Abolfazl Shamsai, and Seyed Abbas Hosseini

Recent investigations have demonstrated global sea level rise as being due to climate change impact. Probable changes in sea level rise need to be evaluated so that appropriate adaptive strategies can be implemented. This study evaluates the impact of climate change on sea level rise along the Iranian south coast. Climatic data simulated by a GCM (General Circulation Model) named CGCM3 under two-climate change scenarios A1b and A2 are used to investigate the impact of climate change. Among the d...

John D. Milliman

Despite their relatively small drainage areas, European rivers reflect a wide variety of hydrologic regimes, although with very few exceptions they have been strongly affected by human activity. Scandinavian rivers (particularly those draining Iceland and western Norway) can have high runoff, and, except for those draining Iceland, all have very low suspended and dissolved sediment loads. Northern and western European rivers have somewhat lower runoff, among the lowest suspended sediment yields ...

Piero Addis, and Marco Secci, and Gianni Brundu, and Andrea Manunza, and Stefano Corrias, and Angelo Cau

We investigated the spatial distribution, size structure, shell orientation and valve colonization by epibionts of the endangered Mediterranean bivalve Pinna nobilis in three continuous but different habitats in the Gulf of Oristano (Sardinia, western Mediterranean). The sampling stations chosen were: an estuarine area (E) of coastal salt-marshes characterized by unvegetated sea-bottoms; and two areas in a seagrass meadow characterized by an extensive Posidonia oceanica meadow (Mw) and patched m...

V. MEZZASALMA, and M. ZAGRA, and L. DI STEFANO, and S. RAGONESE, and M.L. BIANCHINI

Lipofuscin, a non-degradable, degenerative fluorescent pigment which accumulates in post-mitotic cells, represents a promising method for ageing marine crustaceans. The presence and accumulation of lipofuscin has been studied in the deep-water red shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1827) to assess its use as a tool for ageing larger (i.e., older) specimens and thus improve knowledge of the growth and longevity of this species. Specimens, gathered during experimental trawl surveys carried out...

D. Bastviken, and I. Sundgren, and S. Natchimuthu, and H. Reyier, and M. Gålfalk

Fluxes of CO₂ are important for our understanding of the global carbon cycle and greenhouse gas balances. Several significant CO₂ fluxes in nature may still be unknown as illustrated by recent findings of high CO₂ emissions from aquatic environments, previously not recognized in global carbon balances. Therefore, it is important to develop convenient and affordable ways to measure CO₂ in many types of environments. At present, direct measurements of CO...

A. D. Terwisscha van Scheltinga, and H. A. Dijkstra

In this paper, we study the development of finite amplitude perturbations on linearly stable steady barotropic double-gyre flows in a rectangular basin using the concept of Conditional Nonlinear Optimal Perturbation (CNOP). The CNOPs depend on a time scale of evolution <i>t</i>_e and an initial perturbation threshold δ. Under symmetric wind forcing, a perfect pitchfork perturbation occurs in the model. The CNOPs are determined for all linearly stable states and the time evolution of th...

Guru Deo, and R Kumar Itagi, and M Srinivasan Thaiyar, and Kushwah K Kuldeep

Background: Mindfulness along with breathing is a well-established meditation technique. Breathing is an exquisite tool for exploring subtle awareness of mind and life itself. Aim: This study aimed at measuring changes in the different parameters of electrophotonic imaging (EPI) in anapanasati meditators. Materials and Methods : To carry out this study, 51 subjects comprising 32 males and 19 females of age 18 years and above (mean age 45.64 ± 14.43) were recruited voluntarily with informed con...

Natalia anazaki, and Fabio de Castro, and Vivian Gladys Oliveira, and Nivaldo Peroni

The central focus of this study is to characterize and compare the livelihood strategies of two coastal communities from the estuarine region of Ribeira Valley (São Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil), analyzing the interplay among four economic activities: small-scale agriculture, fishing, tourism-related jobs, and extraction of non-timber vegetal resources. The local people of these communities are mostly Caiçara, the native inhabitants of southeastern Brazilian coast, in an Atlantic forest area...

E. de Boisséson, and M. A. Balmaseda, and F. Vitart, and K. Mogensen

This paper explores the sensitivity of hindcasts of the Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) to the use of different sea surface temperture (SST) products as lower boundary conditions in the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) atmospheric model. Three sets of monthly hindcast experiments are conducted, starting from initial conditions from the ERA interim reanalysis. First, as a reference, the atmosphere is forced by the SST used to produce ERA interim. In the second and third ...

Pedro Miguel Guerreiro, and Beatriz Cruz, and Jonathan M Wilson

Fish around Antarctic Peninsula are exposed to the fastest climate change rate in the planet, up to ten times higher than the global average. The evolution in extreme stenothermal isolation was a strong selective pressure for the development of a highly endemic fish fauna, with likely structural and functional constraints. To which extent can coastal notothenioid fish adjust to the conditions forecasted by the models of climate change? Experiments were run in the Arctowski (PL) station at Admi...

Simon de Lusignan, and Adrian Brown, and Kate Pritchard

<strong>Introduction</strong>: The NeLH-PC (Primary Care National electronic Library for Health) was created as part of the NHS information strategy. It is designed to deliver knowledge to primary care. The rationale for developing this library as a knowledge management tool and where it sits within the science of knowledge management are described. Method: Focus groups were used to define the questions that arise in primary care that the NeLHPC should be seeking to answer. The Primary Care Libr...

Giulia Gorelli, and Joan B. Company, and Nixon Bahamón, and Francesc Sardà

The deep-sea red shrimp Aristeus antennatus is one of the most valuable demersal resources in Catalonia (northeast Spain), and Palamós is the most important harbour for this fishery in the area. Here, a management plan published in 2013 established the use of a 40-mm square-mesh codend (40s), replacing the previously used 50-mm diamond mesh codend (50d). The objective was to decrease the amount of juveniles in the catches, but the regulation did not bring the expected results. In this study, we ...

Myriam Khalfallah, and Kyrstn Zylich, and Dirk Zeller, and Daniel Pauly

Domestic marine fisheries in Oman are increasingly viewed as the eventual economic alternative to the soon to be depleted oil reserves. This has galvanized the Omani government to invest in the management of its marine living resources. This study aims to provide a better estimation of Oman's domestic marine fisheries catches that can be used to improve fisheries management in the country. Using the catch reconstruction approach, total domestic marine fisheries catches by Oman are estimated for ...

X. Xu, and A. H. Manson, and C. E. Meek, and T. Chshyolkova, and J. R. Drummond, and C. M. Hall, and Ch. Jacobi, and D. Riggin, and R. E. Hibbins, and M. Tsutsumi, and W. K. Hocking, and W. E. Ward

To investigate possible couplings between planetary waves and the semidiurnal tide (SDT), this work examines the statistical correlations between the SDT amplitudes observed in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) mesosphere and stationary planetary wave (SPW) with wavenumber S=1 (SPW1) amplitudes throughout the global stratosphere and mesosphere. The latter are derived from the Aura-MLS temperature measurements. During NH summer-fall (July–October), the mesospheric SDT amplitudes observed at Sval...

Bazyli Czeczuga, and Lucyna Woronowicz, and Krystyna Brzozowska

The work was undertaken to investigate the mycoflora ot the lowland river Biebrza. Samples of water collected once a month over spring and autumn (1984) for hydrochemical analysis and studies of the fungus content. Twenty five species of fungi were found most of them in the river Biebrza. The following fungi unknown from Poland were found in the river Biebrza: Karlingia rosea, Blastocladiella britannica, Cladolegnia eccenirica, Centrospora filiformis and Flagellospora cunmla.

Liana J.A. Murillo, and Paul L. Jokiel, and Marlin J. Atkinson

Calcification in reef corals and coral reefs is widely measured using the alkalinity depletion method which is based on the fact that two protons are produced for every mole of CaCO3 precipitated. This assumption was tested by measuring the total alkalinity (TA) flux and Ca2+ flux of isolated components (corals, alga, sediment and plankton) in reference to that of a mixed-community. Experiments were conducted in a flume under natural conditions of sunlight, nutrients, plankton and organic matter...

Julien eBensalem, and Julien eBensalem, and Julien eBensalem, and Laure eServant, and Laure eServant, and Serge eAlfos, and Serge eAlfos, and Serge eAlfos, and David eGaudout, and Sophie eLaye, and Sophie eLaye, and Véronique ePallet, and Véronique ePallet, and Véronique ePallet, and Pauline eLafenetre, and Pauline eLafenetre, and Pauline eLafenetre

Spatial learning and memory deficits associated with hippocampal synaptic plasticity impairments are commonly observed during aging. Besides, the beneficial role of dietary polyphenols has been suggested as potential functional food candidates to prevent this memory decline. Indeed, polyphenols could potentiate the signaling pathways of synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory. In this study, spatial learning deficits of middle-aged mice were first highlighted and characterized accordi...

Desimira Maria Dicu Stroe

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the influence of four different stocking densities, ranging from 18.7 to 28.6 kg m3, on growth performance and welfare of juvenile stellate sturgeons, reared in an industrial ,,flow-through’’ aquaculture system. At the end of 60 days experimental period, a survival rate of 98% and a stocking density that ranged from 32.5 to 39.8 kg m-3 were registered. The physiological state of biological material is characterized by the values ​​of hematological indices, th...

María I. Gutiérrez, and Susana Criado, and Norman A. García

The salt effect on the kinetics of singlet molecular oxygen [O2(1Δg)]-mediated photooxidations of sea water contaminants was investigated. Two families of photooxidizable compounds were employed in the study: anthracene derivatives and phenols. The presence of salt (NaCl in H2O and LiCl in MeCN, in both cases in the range 0-0.45 M) produces changes in the photooxidation rate. For solvent-polarity-dependent reactions, this behavior can be predicted, by knowing the solvent-polarity dependence of t...

V. Laptikhovsky

Egg dimensions were 2.0-2.2 x 1.5-1.6 mm. Potential fecundity (all oocyte stock) of mature female L. vulgaris was estimated as 28,500-74,200 oocytes, including 3,500-30,500 yolk oocytes, 1,300-8,000 of those were ripe eggs in the oviduct. Relative fecundity was 114-251 (mean 211.3, SD=48.7), the index of Potential Reproductive Investment was 0.29-0.71 (mean 0.566, SD=0.151). Ovary maturation was similar to that observed in other loliginid squid, when small protoplasmic oocytes predominate throug...

Rael Horwitz, and Esther M. Borell, and Maoz Fine, and Yeala Shaked

Ocean acidification (OA) is not an isolated threat, but acts in concert with other impacts on ecosystems and species. Coastal marine invertebrates will have to face the synergistic interactions of OA with other global and local stressors. One local factor, common in coastal environments, is trace element contamination. CO2 vent sites are extensively studied in the context of OA and are often considered analogous to the oceans in the next few decades. The CO2 vent found at Levante Bay (Vulcano, N...

Eliana eBarreto-Bergter

Santiago Correa, and Juan Javier Valero, and Juan Pablo Torres, and Fernando Fierro

Foreign body ingestion is a common consultation for the pediatric surgeon. Only 1% of the cases require open surgical approach and some have rare but severe complications as vascular fistulas to the esophagus and hypopharynx. We are presenting a case of a nine-year-old girl referred from the Colombian Amazon region. The patient had ingested a foreign body three days earlier, which required surgical exploration. A fish bone was found lodged in the anterior wall of the common carotid artery and ha...

C. MAGGI, and M. GONZÁLEZ-WANGÜEMERT

Parastichopus regalis (Cuvier, 1817) is the most expensive seafood product on the catalonian market (NE Spain), with prices around 130 €/Kg (fresh weight). Despite its ecological and economic importance, biological and genetic information on this sea cucumber species is scarce. We provided the first insight on the genetic structure of P. regalis using sequences of cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and 16S genes, as well as a morphological description of its populations. Individuals were collected in si...

M. G. Kleinhans, and M. van der Vegt, and J. Leuven, and L. Braat, and H. Markies, and A. Simmelink, and C. Roosendaal, and A. van Eijk, and P. Vrijbergen, and M. van Maarseveen

Analogue models or scale experiments of estuaries and short tidal basins are notoriously difficult to create in the laboratory because of the difficulty to obtain currents strong enough to transport sand. Our recently discovered method to drive tidal currents by periodically tilting the entire flume leads to intense sediment transport in both the ebb and flood phase, causing dynamic channel and shoal patterns. However, it remains unclear whether tilting produces periodic flows with charact...

S. Lalronunga, and Lalnuntluanga, and Lalramliana

Garra dampaensis, a new cyprinid fish species, is described from the Seling River, a tributary of the Khawthlang Tuipui (Karnaphuli River), in Mizoram, India. The species can be distinguished from all other Garra species, except G. abhoyai, G. lissorhynchus, G. nambulica, G. paralissorhynchus and G. rupecula by the presence of a distinct W-shaped black band on the caudal fin. It can be distinguished from the above mentioned five species in having scales on the breast and belly, shorter vent to...

STELYUS L. MKOMA, and GISELE O. DA ROCHA, and JOSÉ S.S. DOMINGOS, and JOÃO V.S. SANTOS, and MANUELA P. CARDOSO, and ROGERIO L. DA SILVA, and JAILSON B. DE ANDRADE

The coastal atmosphere adjacent to large urban areas can be strongly affected by the emission of air pollutants, among them, major ions species. In this study, the chemical composition and sources of carboxylates and other water-soluble ions in fine and coarse aerosols as well as estimates of particle dry deposition fluxes were studied at a tropical coastal site affected by an urban environment. The mean concentrations of the total carboxylates were 78 ng m–3 in fine fraction and 81 ng m–3 in co...

Valdirene Esgarbosa Loureiro Crippa, and Norma Segatti Hahn, and Rosemara Fugi

This study analyzed the diet of seven small-sized fish species(Characidae) and assessed their use of food resources. The species were collected in 2001 from nine ponds with aquatic macrophytes in the Paraná river floodplain, Brazil. Astyanax altiparanae, Astyanax fasciatus, Hemigrammus marginatus and Moenkhausia intermedia consumed aquatic and terrestrial insects. Bryconomericus stramineus andMoenkhausia sanctaefilomenae co-dominantly ate insects and microcrustaceans, whereas Hyphessobrycon eque...

Marcus Vinícius Romero Marques, and José Sérgio de Resende, and Rogério Venâncio Donatti, and Daniel Ambrózio da Rocha Vilela, and Roselene Ecco, and Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins

A bumblefoot outbreak with different prognosis according to host species was studied in captive aquatic avian species. Six wood ducks (Aix sponsa), three scarlet-ibis (Eudocimus ruber), two black-swans (Cygnus atratus), five white-faced ducks (Dendrocygna viduata) and two roseate spoonbills (Platalea ajaja) were kept in a common pen with abrasive pavement pond margin, predisposing to podal skin wear. Incoordination and mortality occurred in the two roseate spoonbils and one black swan. Coagulase...

Sadako Yadoya Miyao, and Joseph Harari

<abstract language="eng">A preliminary study of tidal height and tidal current data from Cananéia region made through harmonic and spectral analysis shows different amplifications and phase delays of the principal tidal components inwards the estuary. M3 tidal component is particularly amplified in Mar de Cananéia - Mar Pequeno, probably because of near-resonance conditions in the channel. Tidal currents in Mar de Cubatâo and Mar de Cananéia show, besides the semidiurnal components, significativ...

D. M. Lumbroso, and F. Vinet

This paper provides a comparison of the causes, effects and aftermaths of the coastal flooding that occurred on the east coast of England in 1953 and the west coast of France in 2010 that resulted in 307 and 47 deaths respectively. The causes of both events are strikingly similar. Both were caused by a combination of high tides, low atmospheric pressure, high winds and the failure of poorly maintained flood defences. In both cases the number of deaths was related to the vulnerability of the buil...

Eliane Maria de Souza Nogueira, and José Geraldo Wanderley Marques, and Flávia de Barros Prado Moura

This paper examines the traditional ichthyological knowledge of a community of fishermen that live in the Marimbus-Iraquara environmental protection area (Bahia, Brazil). Data were collected using open and semi-structured interviews and field observation. Also, zoological materials were collected. Knowledge about the behavior of 21 fish species is reported. The ethological phenomena perceived by the fishermen were divided into 17 ethological categories related to reproduction, flight behavior, p...

Ivanova, A. P., and Robaina, R. R., and Martín, J., and Stefanov, K. L.

The red alga <i>Gratelupia doryphora</i> was cultivated in Provasoli enricher (plain) seawater and in a glycerol media. The incubation in seawater leads to an increase in the percentage of polyunsaturated acids, while the glycerol increase the total lipid content. If the alga is being grown as a heterotrophic culture, it is possible to increase the alga biomass as well as the content of biologically-active fatty acids.<br><br>Se cultivó alga roja <i>Gratelupia doryphora</i> en agua de mar enriqu...

Jouni Lappalainen, and Jenni Storg&#xC1;rd, and Ulla Tapaninen

Sea accidents are aimed to be prevented with an extensive amount of maritime safety regulation. The purpose of this paper is to present the findings of a questionnaire study that was targeted at Finnish maritime experts and addressed the question: how to prevent an oil accident in the Gulf of Finland. This study also includes a literature study about the problems of the current maritime safety regime. The findings of the questionnaire study are compared to the findings of the literature study. T...

Carlos Alberto S. de Lucena

A freshwater fish Roeboides loftini n.sp. is described from the Río Coclé del Norte drainage of the Atlantic versant of Panamá. The new species differs from other species of the Roeboides guatemalensis-group by the number of perforated scales on the lateral line (83-100), body depth (31.8-36.1%), predorsal distance (49.1-51.9%) and the shape of the humeral spot. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (4): 1663-1667. Epub 2011 December 01

Kristine White, and James Reimer

Commensal leucothoid amphipods have been collected from coral rubble samples throughout the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Seven new species are described in two genera with valuable location data. A new locality is presented for Paranamixis misakiensis Thomas, 1997. An identification key to all described Leucothoidae of the Ryukyu Archipelago is provided.

Kyu-Yeul Lee, and Namkug Ku, and Ju-Hwan Cha

Contemporary lectures in undergraduate engineering courses typically focus on teaching major technical knowledge-based theories in a limited time. Therefore, most lectures do not allow the students to gain understanding of how the theories are applied, especially in Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering departments. Shipyards require students to acquire practical ship design skills in undergraduate courses. To meet this requirement, two lectures are organized by the authors; namely, “Planning...

C.M.T. Perez, and I.G. Pajares, and V.A. Alcantara, and J.F. Simbahan

Macroalgae are known to have many industrial applications, with current research targeting the potential of macroalgal biomass as feedstock in production of biofuels. Marine algal biomass is rich in storage carbohydrates, laminarin, and cellulose, which can be converted to fermentable sugars using appropriate enzymes, for fermentation to ethanol. This study focused on ethanol production from macroalgae using only enzymatic treatment for saccharification of algal biomass. This involved the isolat...

Eli Ana Traversim Gomes, and Viviane Severiano dos Santos, and Denise Rivera Tenenbaum, and Maria Célia Villac

Much time and resources have been invested in understanding plankton dynamics in Guanabara Bay (Brazil), but no attention has been devoted to the protozooplankton. To fulfill this lacuna, abundance and composition of protozooplankton were investigated from January to December - 2000 in fortnightly surface water samplings at two distinct water quality sites (Urca - closer to the bay entrance, more saline and cleaner waters; Ramos - inner reaches, hypereutrophic waters). The density at Urca (10³ -...

Asiyanbi-H. T. Tope, and Irwandi Jaswir, and Raha A. Raus, and Hammed M. Ademola

A. Albarracín, and J.A. Moreno-Murcia

<p align="justify">The aim of the study has been to analyze the importance and consideration of the aquatic educational activities inside physical education on the part of the professorship in Secondary Education. The participants were 29 teachers of Secondary Education. There was in use a semistructured interview based on the following categories and subcategories: The professional path of the interviewed ones, the aquatic educational activities in the physical education, the reality in Murcia ...

Wasana Arkronrat, and Prapapron Deemark, and Vutthichai Oniam

The growth performance and proximate composition of two marine microalgae, Nannochloropsis sp. and Tetraselmis sp., in monoculture and mixed culture of both species under laboratory conditions were compared. Microalgae were cultured in enriched seawater (28 ppt) in 8 L plastic bottles using Conway medium. Microalgae were grown in a temperature-controlled room (25°C) under continuous illumination at a light intensity of about 3,000 Lux for 240 hours (10 days). Results showed that maximum cell...

Adriana Heindrickson Cunha Merétika, and Nivaldo Peroni, and Natalia Hanazaki

This article analyzes some of the factors affecting the distribution of knowledge about medicinal plants of three artisanal fishing communities in Itapoá Municipality, in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Ninety semi-structured interviews were performed, which resulted in 109 cited plant species. The sample included both men (n=46) and women (n=44), in different age categories: 18-40 years old (n=18), 41-50 (n=21), 51-60 (n=28), and 61+ years old (n=23), and in three different communities: Ba...

Eiichi Yoshimura, and Hideaki Kumahara, and Takuro Tobina, and et al

Eiichi Yoshimura1,2, Hideaki Kumahara3, Takuro Tobina4, Sakiko Matono1, Akira Kiyonaga4, Miyuki Kimura5, Hiroshi Tsukikawa6, Shinya Kono6, Takashi Etou5, Shin Irie5, Keizo Anzai7, Hiroaki Tanaka41Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan; 2Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan; 3Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Fukuoka, Japan; 4Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan; 5Kyushu Clini...