R. Wanninkhof, and G. -H. Park, and T. Takahashi, and C. Sweeney, and R. Feely, and Y. Nojiri, and N. Gruber, and S. C. Doney, and G. A. McKinley, and A. Lenton, and C. Le Quéré, and C. Heinze, and J. Schwinger, and H. Graven, and S. Khatiwala

The globally integrated sea–air anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO₂) flux from 1990 to 2009 is determined from models and data-based approaches as part of the Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP) project. Numerical methods include ocean inverse models, atmospheric inverse models, and ocean general circulation models with parameterized biogeochemistry (OBGCMs). The median value of different approaches shows good agreement in average uptake. The best estimate of anthrop...

D. J. Morris, and J. K. Pinnegar, and D. L. Maxwell, and S. R. Dye, and L. J. Fernand, and S. Flatman, and O. J. Williams, and S. I. Rogers

The datasets described here bring together quality-controlled seawater temperature measurements from over 130 years of departmental government-funded marine science investigations in the UK (United Kingdom). Since before the foundation of a Marine Biological Association fisheries laboratory in 1902 and through subsequent evolutions as the Directorate of Fisheries Research and the current Centre for Environment Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, UK government marine scientists and observe...

Romeo M. Dizon, and Helen T. Yap

Four sets of nutrient enrichment experiments were carried out in 1994 and 1995 using sieved sand from a coral reef flat in the northwestern Philippines. The samples, prepared by packing the sediment in glass petri dishes, were maintained for 7 days in outdoor microcosms with varying nitrogen:phosphorus (N:P) ratios in the overlying water. The objective of the study was to detect changes in the composition and metabolism of sediment communities over short-term nutrient exposures. Net primary prod...

Silvia eTorrecillas, and Daniel eMontero, and Maria José eCaballero, and Karin ePittman, and Aurora eCampo, and Marco eCustodio, and John eSweetman, and Marisol eIzquierdo

The main objective of this study was to assess the effects of 4 g·kg-1dietary MOS inclusion in soybean oil (SBO) and fish oil (FO) based diets on the gut health and skin mucosa mucus production of European sea bass juveniles after 8 weeks of feeding. Dietary MOS, regardless of the oil source, promoted growth. The intestinal somatic index was not affected, however SBO reduced the intestinal fold length, while dietary MOS increased it. The dietary oil source fed produced changes on the posterior i...

Friedrich W. Köster, and Dietrich Schnack, and Christian Möllmann

Based on an extensive review of available knowledge, several sources of information have been identified as potentially useful in fish stock predictions. They refer to a variety of biological processes of importance for stock dynamics, e.g. growth, maturation and egg production as well as early and juvenile life stage survival and subsequent recruitment, for which examples are given. Environmental variables impacting these processes were derived, ranging from simple statistical exploratory analy...

Luis O. Brito, and Leonidas C. Junior, and Jéssika L. Abreu, and William Severi, and Laenne B. S. Moraes, and Alfredo O. Galvez

A trial was conducted for 42 days to evaluate the effects of two commercial feeds with high and low crude protein content on the performance of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei cultivated in an integrated biofloc system with the seaweed Gracilaria birdiae. The experiment had a 2 × 2 factorial design (a biofloc monoculture or an integrated system with 32% (low) or 40% (high) crude protein content) with the following treatments: IS32 (an integrated system using low protein commercial feed); IS40 ...

W. K. KOCHED, and F. ALEMANY, and S. BEN ISMAIL, and R. BENMESSAOUD, and Α. HATTOUR, and A. GARCIA

An oceanographic survey was carried out during the summer of 2009, from June 25 to July 3 in the Gulf of Gabes. The study area is characterized by a wide continental shelf. A plankton sampling scheme was carried out to study the structure of the larval fish assemblages that characterizes the surface mixed layer, and to assess the influence of the environmental parameters on their spatial distribution. A total of 36 taxa were identified, 3 classified to the level of genus, 5 to family and 28 to...

Rita ePezzati, and Rita ePezzati, and Valentina eMolteni, and Valentina eMolteni, and Marco eBani, and Carmen eSettanta, and Maria Grazia eDi Maggio, and Ivan eVilla, and Barbara ePoletti, and Barbara ePoletti, and Rita B. Ardito

Doll therapy is a non-pharmacological intervention aimed at reducing behavioral and psychological disorders in institutionalized patients with dementia. This therapy as a care tool has been integrated into the context of long-term care institutions, in which the need to find solutions to cognitive, behavioral and emotional problems showed by people with dementia meets the primary objective of developing good care practices focusing on patients and their needs. In the present work we adopt the Bo...

Laura Taillebois, and Christine Dudgeon, and Safia Maher, and David A. Crook, and Thor M. Saunders, and Diane P. Barton, and Jonathan A. Taylor, and David J. Welch, and Stephen J. Newman, and Michael J. Travers, and Richard J. Saunders, and Jennifer Ovenden

Thirty-four microsatellite loci were isolated from three reef fish species; golden snapper Lutjanus johnii, blackspotted croaker Protonibea diacanthus and grass emperor Lethrinus laticaudis using a next generation sequencing approach. Both IonTorrent single reads and Illumina MiSeq paired-end reads were used, with the latter demonstrating a higher quality of reads than the IonTorrent. From the 1–1.5 million raw reads per species, we successfully obtained 10–13 polymorphic loci for each species, ...

Mai D. Ibrahem

The increase in the human population in addition to the massive demand for protein of animal origin forced the authorities to seek for additional sources of feed supplies. Aquaculture is the world worth coming expansion to compensate the shortage in animal protein. Feed in aquaculture plays an important role in the production cycle and exert threshold on both practical and economic aspects. Feed additive sectors are expanding day after day to achieve better growth and health for fish and shrimp ...

Ron O'Dor, and Víctor Ariel Gallardo

COML field projects will extend our understanding of ocean diversity, distribution and abundance from the nearshore to the abyssal plains. In nearshore, coastal and the upper ocean zones where diversity is reasonably well known it will add details about ranges, migrations and population size, but in the deep ocean there are still likely millions of new species to be described. Global coverage with standard, economical protocols is the goal in the shallow zones, but demonstrating and calibrating ...

Kyeong-uk Heo, and Weoncheol Koo, and In-Kyu Park, and Jungsoo Ryue

Springing is the resonance phenomenon of a ship hull girder with incoming waves having the same natural frequency of the ship. In this study, a simple and reliable calculation method was developed based on quadratic strip theory using the Timoshenko beam approach as an elastic hull girder. Second-order hydrodynamic forces and Froude–Krylov forces were applied as the external force. To improve the accuracy of the strip method, the variation in the added mass along the ship hull longitudinal direc...

Annette Cameron Broderick

X. Tian-Kunze, and L. Kaleschke, and N. Maaß, and M. Mäkynen, and N. Serra, and M. Drusch, and T. Krumpen

Following the launch of ESA's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, it has been shown that brightness temperatures at a low microwave frequency of 1.4 GHz (L-band) are sensitive to sea ice properties. In the first demonstration study, sea ice thickness up to 50 cm has been derived using a semi-empirical algorithm with constant tie-points. Here, we introduce a novel iterative retrieval algorithm that is based on a thermodynamic sea ice model and a three-layer radiative transfer model, ...

Andreia V. Silva, and Isabel Meneses, and Alexandra Silva

An age prediction model based on individual morphometric characteristics (total length; weight) and otolith morphometric characteristics (diameter; weight) was investigated for juvenile sardine, Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792). Juveniles were collected from northern Portugal between May 2004 and January 2005. Daily growth rings were counted on the otoliths of 114 juveniles of 7-16 cm total length. The sample was divided into a training sample used to develop the age prediction model and a tes...

Edia E.O., and Gevrey M., and Ouattara A., and Brosse S., and Gourène G., and Lek S.

Despite their importance in stream management, the aquatic insect assemblages are still little known in West Africa. This is particularly true in South-Eastern Ivory Coast, where aquatic insect assemblages were hardly studied. We therefore aimed at characterising aquatic insect assemblages on four coastal rivers in South-Eastern Ivory Coast. Patterning aquatic insect assemblages was achieved using a Self-Organizing Map (SOM), an unsupervised Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) method. This...

AGUNG BUDIHARJO

“Wader” fish is one of the local Indonesian wild fish that not cultured yet. This fish have amount of species, included Genus Rasbora. The aim of this research was to known the “wader” fish diversity of Genus Rasbora that potentially to aquaculture. The research conducted in 10 weeks to three species, namely R. lateristriata, R. aprotaenia, and R. argyrotaenia. The research was designed in two treatments, namely giving pellet and non-giving pellet. The growth data was measured every week. The re...

K. E. Altieri, and M. G. Hastings, and A. J. Peters, and D. M. Sigman

Atmospheric water soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) is a subset of the complex organic matter in aerosols and rainwater, which impacts cloud condensation processes and aerosol chemical and optical properties and may play a significant role in the biogeochemical cycle of N. However, its sources, composition, connections to inorganic N, and variability are largely unknown. Rainwater samples were collected on the island of Bermuda (32.27° N, 64.87° W), which experiences both anthropogenic and marine ...

Luiz Carlos Santos Porto, and Eduardo Miranda Ethur

Metais pesados, também denominados elementos traço, podem ser essenciais ao metabolismo de organismos vivos, e, ao mesmo tempo, dependendo de suas concentrações, altamente tóxicos. Com o objetivo de investigar a toxicidade da água da Bacia dos Rios Butuí-Icamaquã, na fronteira oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, foram analisados, através de espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica, os teores de alumínio, cádmio, chumbo, cobre, cromo, manganês, níquel e zinco em vísceras abdominais de peixes, coletados, ent...

José Manuel Yáñez, and José Manuel Yáñez, and Scott eNewman, and Ross D Houston

Anthony D. Kappell, and Yin eWei, and Ryan J. Newton, and Joy D. Van Nostrand, and Jizhong eZhou, and Sandra L. McLellan, and Krassimira R. Hristova

The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout resulted in oil transport, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to the Gulf of Mexico shoreline. The microbial communities of these shorelines are thought to be responsible for the intrinsic degradation of PAHs. To investigate the Gulf Coast beach microbial community response to hydrocarbon exposure, we examined the functional gene diversity, bacterial community composition, and PAH degradation capacity of a heavily oiled and non-oiled beach follo...

Bruno Silva Nunes, and Rita Travasso

The use of bioindicators to analyze marine ecosystems contamination is often made difficult due to the absence of appropriate species. Pelagic fish species, captured by commercial fishing fleets around the world, can be successfully used to assess contaminant levels, by determining their body burden in specific compounds. However the study of biological responses elicited by such compounds, through the analysis of biomarkers, is highly dependent on the physiological and reproductive status of th...

B.V. Jadhav, and S.S. Kharat, and R.N. Raut, and M. Paingankar, and N. Dahanukar

We studied the freshwater fish fauna of Koyna River for a period of two years from May 2007 to April 2009. We recorded 58 species belonging to 16 families and 35 genera. Eleven out of the 22 fish species endemic to the Western Ghats are restricted to the Krishna River system. Eight endemic fish species are known to be threatened because of various anthropogenic activities. Since the fish fauna of Koyna is relatively less threatened by anthropogenic stressors with currently no record of alien f...

Rakhi Das, and Kartik Sondhi, and Swachchha Majumdar, and Sandeep Sarkar

Clay–alumina compositions of 0, 20, 40 and 55 weight percent (wt%) clay and rest alumina were maintained in porous support preparation by extrusion followed by sintering at 1300 °C for 2.5 h to obtain 3 mm/2 mm (outer diameter/inner diameter) capillary. 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (97%) (C8) was used to modify the capillary surface of all compositions without any intermediate membrane layer to impart hydrophobic characteristics and compared in terms of contact angle produced by the...

Bruno Varella Motta da Costa, and Gilvan T. Yogui, and Lília P. Souza-Santos

A. A. Marks, and M. D. King

The response of the albedo of bare sea ice and snow-covered sea ice to the addition of black carbon is calculated. Visible light absorption and light-scattering cross-sections are derived for a typical first-year and multi-year sea ice with both "dry" and "wet" snow types. The cross-sections are derived using data from a 1970s field study that recorded both reflectivity and light penetration in Arctic sea ice and snow overlying sea ice. The variation of absorption cross-section over the visible ...

Ebráilon Masetto, and Maria Luisa Lorscheitter

This paper presents the results of a qualitative palynological analysis of a 140 cm-thick section of Holocene sediments from a paleolagoon, representing the last 2600 years, taken from an outcrop at Hermenegildo Beach (33º42'S; 53º18'W), located in the municipality of Santa Vitória do Palmar, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Samples were treated with hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid and potassium hydroxide, after which they were subjected to acetolysis and mounted on glycerin-coate...

Arucha Treesirichod, and Suthida Chaithirayanon, and Nattakarn Wongjitrat, and Pattra Wattanapan

Aims: To assess the degree of improvement of neck hyperpigmentation in childhood acanthosis nigricans (AN) after treatment with topical 0.1% adapalene gel and the assessment of localized tissue tolerance to the gel. Subjects and Methods: A split comparison study of the hyperpigmentation on the neck was conducted in patients diagnosed with childhood AN. Patients were treated with topical 0.1% adapalene gel for a period of 4 weeks. The skin color of their neck was evaluated at baseline, 2 weeks an...

Hanna Mazur-Marzec, and Adam Krężel, and Justyna Kobos, and Marcin Pliński

In the Baltic Sea, summer blooms of the filamentous, nitrogen-fixingcyanobacterium <i>Nodularia spumigena</i> are favoured by high P concentrationsat low N:P ratios and a salinity range of 5-13 PSU. The bloomsare initiated by calm and sunny weather, an elevated surfacewater temperature and thermal stratification. The mass occurrenceof <i>N. spumigena</i> in coastal waters is a matter of special concern,as the cyanobacterium produces nodularin, a potent pentapeptidehepatotoxin. In the Gulf of Gda...

Vilma Mota da Silva, and Wilson Araújo Lopes, and Jailson B. de Andrade, and Márcia C. da Cunha Veloso, and Gislaine Vieira dos Santos, and Aline S. Oliveira

<abstract language="eng">The perception of the flavor is an important attribute of quality in marine fish and other seafoods, being the first and main factor of discrimination for the evaluation, later acceptance and preference of the product by the consumer. Recently, the simple bromophenols have been considered an important group of key flavor compounds occurring in a wide variety of seafood species like fishes, mollusks, crustaceans and algae. When present in high concentration, in seafood, t...

Xueqian eLei, and Xueqian eLei, and Dong eLi, and Yi eLi, and Zhangran eChen, and Yao eChen, and Guanjing eCai, and Xujun eYang, and Wei eZheng, and Wei eZheng, and Tianling eZheng, and Tianling eZheng

Harmful algal blooms occur throughout the world, threatening human health and destroying marine ecosystems. Alexandrium tamarense is a globally distributed and notoriously toxic dinoflagellate that is responsible for most paralytic shellfish poisoning incidents. The culture supernatant of the marine algicidal bacterium BS02 showed potent algicidal effects on A. tamarense ATGD98-006. In this study, we investigated the effects of this supernatant on A. tamarense at physiological and biochemical le...

Cristina Trigal, and Erik Degerman

Appropriate restoration and conservation measures require a good understanding of the factors limiting the distribution of species, the presence of steep changes in the distribution along environmental gradients and the effect of environmental interactions on species distribution. We used 12 environmental variables describing connectivity, hydrology, climate and stream morphology, to model the distributions of 17 fish species from 2005 Swedish stream sites that were sampled between 2000 and 2011...

Francesco Casalinuovo, and Teresa Gazzotti, and Paola Rippa, and Lucia Ciambrone, and Rosanna Musarella, and Elena Pratticò

The results of a study on the microbiological stability of canned tuna produced by Italian companies and similar canned products manufactured in countries outside Europe are reported herein. The study involved 38 samples of canned tuna of various brands, of which 14 were produced by companies outside Europe and 24 by Italian companies. Qualitative and quantitative microbiological tests were conducted for the following parameters: bacterial colony counts at 30°C, total coliforms, total <em>Entero...

Solmaz Soleimani, and Morteza Yousefzadi, and Sohila Moein, and Narges Amrollahi Bioki

Background: sea urchins belonging to phylum echinoderms of marine invertebrates them found to possess excellent. Inflammation can be considered a set of complex processes that many body systems including the immune and nervous system are involved. The aim of the present research was undertaken to study the anti- inflammatory activity of different extracts, coelomic fluid and pigments shells and spines of sea urchin of Echinodermata mathaei. Material and method: Isolation of different tissues ex...

L. Steinle, and J. Maltby, and T. Treude, and A. Kock, and H. W. Bange, and N. Engbersen, and J. Zopfi, and M. F. Lehmann, and H. Niemann

Coastal seas may account for more than 75 % of global oceanic methane emissions. There, methane is mainly produced microbially in anoxic sediments from which it can escape to the overlying water column. Aerobic methane oxidation (MOx) in the water column acts as a biological filter, reducing the amount of methane that eventually evades to the atmosphere. The efficiency of the MOx filter is potentially controlled by the availability of dissolved methane and oxygen, as well as temperature, salinit...

Ana P. Oliveira

Abstract: Carbon budgets vary markedly within and between Tagus and Sado estuaries reflecting the human pressure. These estuaries seem to generate carbon within a total of 0.13 MtC yr^-1 for Tagus and 0.02 MtC yr^-1 for Sado. Anthropogenic inputs, autochthonous carbon production and primary production are indicated as the main responsible for the carbon production within the estuaries. Carbon exported to the ocean and to the atmosphere by both estuarine systems is higher duri...

Tania Zaharia, and Valodia Maximov, and Gheorghe Radu, and Eugen Anton, and Alina Spinu, and Magda Nenciu

The extension of the Natura 2000 European ecological network to the Romanian marine territory (1 site according to the Birds Directive requirements and eight sites according to the Habitats Directive requirements, one also being a natural reserve and one part of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve) might cause conflicts between the Romanian marine fishery and these sites. In order to minimize such conflicts, the evaluation of the interaction between fishery and the preservation objectives of the ...

Eric eMatheron, and Ava eZandi, and Danping eWang, and Zoï eKapoula

Clinical studies in nonspecific chronic arthralgia and back pain seem to indicate an association between vertical heterophoria (VH – latent vertical retinal misalignment) and asymmetrical head rotation. Such clinical observations suggest a link between VH and head rotation, but this was never tested. The purpose of this study was to simulate a VH in healthy subjects, and examine its influence on the amplitude of active head rotation during 3D motion capture in upright stance. Subjects were asked...

J. Segschneider, and B. Schneider, and V. Khon, and V. Khon, and V. Khon

Climate and marine biogeochemistry changes over the Holocene are investigated based on transient global climate and biogeochemistry model simulations over the last 9500 years. The simulations are forced by accelerated and non-accelerated orbital parameters, respectively, and atmospheric <i>p</i>CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O. The analysis focusses on key climatic parameters of relevance to the marine biogeochemistry, and on the physical and biogeochemical processes that...

Jokim Veu Kitolelei, and Tetsu Sato

Sustainable management of coastal resources depends on human knowledge and perceptions of natural resources and coastal environments. However, empirical evidence has been limited in order to understand linkages between knowledge, perceptions and collective actions to achieve sustainable resource management. This case study analyzed perceptions and knowledge among diverse stakeholders: villagers, government officials, scientists and staff of a non-governmental organization who are collaboratively...

Stephanie E. Pierce, and Megan Williams, and Roger B.J. Benson

Thalattosuchians were highly specialised aquatic archosaurs of the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, and represent a peak of aquatic adaptation among crocodylomorphs. Relatively little is known of their endocranial anatomy or its relevance for the evolution of sensory systems, physiology, and other aspects of biology. Nevertheless, such data have significance for two reasons: (1) thalattosuchians represent an important data point regarding adaptation to marine life in tetrapods; and (2) as early-di...

K. Nebeshwar, and W. Vishwanath, and D.N. Das

Garra arupi, a new cyprinid fish species is differentiated from its congeners along the base of the Himalaya in Brahmaputra basin by a combination of characters: two pairs of barbels, anterior position of vent (vent to anal distance 52.6-60.0% pelvic to anal distance), a band of 6-9 prominent horny tubercles on the tip of the snout, a submarginal black band on the dorsal fin, and 16 circumpeduncular scales. It is similar to G. kempi in having an anterior position of the vent, and similar to G. ...

Weiting Zhang, and Yunzhi Yao, and Dong Ren

A new genus with a new species of Saldidae, Brevrimatus pulchalifer gen. et sp. n., is described and illustrated. The fossil specimen was found from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Duolun County, Inner Mongolia, China. Phylogenetic analyses within Saldidae were performed, and the results indicate B. pulchalifer gen. et sp. n. should be assigned to the subfamily Chiloxanthinae.

A. D. Terwisscha van Scheltinga, and H. A. Dijkstra

A comparison is made of the performance of the four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) method in an explicit and implicit version of a barotropic quasi-geostrophic model of the wind-driven double-gyre ocean circulation. As is well known, implicit methods have the advantage that relatively large time steps can be taken with respect to explicit methods, but the computational costs of each time step is larger. We focus here on two issues: (i) the computational efficiency in the rang...

Priyanka Sethi, and Sunil Sindhi, and Ankita Verma, and K L Tulsiani

Background: Traditionally propofol has been used for providing sedation in dilatation and curettage (D and C). Recently, dexmedetomidine has been tried, but very little evidence exists to support its use. Aims: The aim was to compare hemodynamic and recovery profile of both the drugs along with a degree of comfort experienced by patients and the usefulness of the drug to surgeons. Settings and Design: Tertiary care center and open-label randomized controlled trial. Materials and Methods: Patient...

Ismael Miján, and Stephen Louwye, and Olivier Lambert

Although the fossil record of beaked whales (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) is continuously improving, the geological age of new taxa is often poorly constrained. Based on a partial cranium from deep seafloor deposits off Galicia, Spain, we describe a new species of the stem beaked whale genus Beneziphius, B. cetariensis sp. nov. The latter differs from the type species B. brevirostris in the larger size, the rostrum being proportionally longer, the premaxillae being longer than the maxillae at...

Antoni Busquets, and Joan J. Fornós, and Freddy Zafra, and Jorge Lalucat, and Antoni Merino

As a part of an ongoing project on the role of microbes in the biogeochemistry of Majorcan caves, the species diversity of microbial communities present in cave pools of anchialine waters in the Cova des Pas de Vallgornera (Mallorca, western Mediterranean) is investigated by a culture-dependent method. Two-hundred and forty-eight strains isolated from this characteristic cave environment of the littoral karst are identified by whole-cell-MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and phylogeneticaly by 16S rRN...

Aline Fernanda Campagna, and Renata Fracácio, and Beatriz Kawamura Rodrigues, and Márcia Noélia Eler, and Nelsy Fenerich Verani, and Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola

The objective of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of the sediments of the Monjolinho River (São Carlos - São Paulo/Brazil), through partial chronic toxicity bioassays with juveniles of D. rerio and P. reticulata. Histological analyses of the gills and biometric measurements were conducted to detect the possible deleterious effects that caused the death. In all points the sampled the alterations were found in the gills (hyperplasia, fusion of secondary lamellas and dilation of blood vessels...

Cristina eBarron, and Eugenia T. Apostolaki, and Carlos M. eDuarte, and Carlos M. eDuarte, and Carlos M. eDuarte

Estimates of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) release by marine macrophyte communities (seagrass meadows and macroalgal beds) based on in situ benthic chambers from published and unpublished are compiled in this study. The effect of temperature and light availability on DOC release by macrophyte communities was examined. Almost 85 % of the seagrass communities and all of macroalgal communities examined acted as net sources of DOC. Net DOC fluxes in seagrass communities increase positively with wat...

Giovana Vera, and Jorge Tam, and Edwin Pinto, and José Angulo

Phytoplankton constitutes the base of the trophic webs in the marine environment, so it is important to know the possible effects of pollutants on the algal populations. In the present paper the effect of cadmium on the population growth of the diatom Chaetoceros gracilis was assessed. The microalgae were cultured in the a modified “f/2” Guillard medium, and were exposed to different concentrations of cadmium between 50 and 100000 µg.–1, which produced an inhibitory effect from 20% to 99% on the...