J. Lee, and J. Kim, and P. Yang, and N. C. Hsu

New over-ocean aerosol models are developed by integrating the inversion data from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sun/sky radiometers with a database for the optical properties of tri-axial ellipsoid particles. The new aerosol models allow more accurate retrieval of aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) in the case of high AOD (AOD > 0.3). The aerosol models are categorized by using the fine-mode fraction (FMF) at 550 nm and the single-...

Shopov Yavor Y., and Stoykova Diana, and Tsankov Ludmil, and Sanabria Michael, and Lundberg Joyce, and Georgiev Leonid, and Forti Paolo, and Georgieva Desislava

The luminescence of calcite speleothems displays an exponential dependence on soil temperature unless there is a dense cover of forest over the cave to dampen it. This relationship is determined primarily by the strength of solar visible and infrared radiation. It is suggested that, as a consequence, the microzonal variations of luminescence often found in speleothems can be used as a proxy index of Solar Insolation. The luminescence solar insolation proxy record of a speleothem from Jewel Cave,...

Cervantes Duarte, R.

Fluxes of nutrients and net metabolism were estimated in coastal lagoon Magdalena Bay using LOICZ biogeochemical model. In situ data were obtained from 14 sites in the lagoon and also from a fixed site in the adjacent ocean area. Intense upwelling (February to July) and faint upwelling (August to January) were analyzed from monthly time series. The Temperature, nitrite + nitrate, ammonium and phosphate within the lagoon showed significant differences (p<0.05) between the two periods. Sal...

Ali Aberoumand

The chemical composition of four edible plant foods species, three fish species and one prawn were analyzed in Food Chemistry Laboratory of Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran in 2014. The analysis of fatty acid and sugars composition were performed by gas liquid chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Protein and lipid content were founded higher in baked and fried in fish S. commersonnianus (74.29%), (20.20%), fish Sphyraena helleri...

Felipe Alberto Villalobos Jara

Este artículo describe el comienzo y la evolución de la hoy en día creciente mundialmente industria de la energía eólica costa afuera. Como un caso particular, se describe la actual política de energías renovables en el Reino Unido. Se explican las características de las cargas ambientales existentes costa afuera, tipos de suelos del fondo marino y las fundaciones que se utilizan comúnmente. El tipo de estructura y régimen de carga establecen nuevas condiciones desde el punto de vista de la Inge...

Joaquín Ginés, and Joan J. Fornós, and Angel Ginés, and Antoni Merino, and Francesc Gràcia

The flat areas of eastern and southern Mallorca host a remarkable coastal karst, where Cova des Pas de Vallgornera stands out due to its length (more than 74 km) and its special morphological suite. The pattern of the cave is quite heterogeneous showing sharp differences produced by the architecture of the Upper Miocene reef: spongework mazes and collapse chambers dominate in the reef front facies, whereas joint-guided conduits are the rule in the back reef carbonates. Regarding the speleogenesi...

Claudio Cavani

<strong>Abstract</strong> The diet of foxes in the Natural Park of Maremma includes essentially <em>Juniperus</em> fruits and Arthropods, mainly Coleoptera and Orthoptera. These components were analysed in order to value their chemical nutritive. The following parameters were determined: proximate analysis (crude protein Nx6.25; ether extract; crude fibre; ash), aminoacids, and mineral contents. <em>Juniperus</em> berries are characterized by a low crude protein and ash content (1.83 and 2.75% ...

Flávia de Andrade e Souza Mazuchi, and Aline Bigongiari, and Juliana Valente Francica, and Patricia Martins Franciulli, and Luis Mochizuki, and Joseph Hamill, and Ulysses Fernandes Ervilha

Abstract AIMS (Stroke patients often present sensory-motor alterations and less aerobic capacity. Joint position sense, which is crucial for balance and gait control, is also affected in stroke patients). To compare the effect of two exercise training protocols (walking in deep water and on a treadmill) on the knee position sense of stroke patients. METHODS This study was designed as a randomized controlled clinical trial. Twelve adults, who suffered a stroke at least one year prior to the sta...

Katarzyna Olszewska, and Tomasz Tokarek, and Barbara Bętkowska-Korpała, and Artur Dziewierz, and Paweł Kleczyński, and Danuta Sorysz, and Dariusz Dudek

Rosa C. C. L. de Souza, and Denise C. Trindade, and Juber de Decco, and Tania A. Lima, and Edson P. Silva

A reference inventory of prehistoric marine mollusks from the Rio das Ostras region was created based on an excavation carried out at the Sambaqui da Tarioba shellmound. Patterns of richness and biogeography were studied, and the representativeness of bivalve and gastropod diversities found at this archaeological site were inferred. A total of 47 taxa belonging to 28 families, most of which from unconsolidated substrates, was identified. The shellmound species composition does not differ from th...

Budi Santosa, and Rita Damayanti, and Biswajit Sarkar

This paper presents a model and an algorithm for an inventory ship routing problem (ISRP). It consists of two main parts: a model development of the ship routing problem in a multi-product inventory with a heterogeneous fleet and an algorithm development to solve the problem. The problem is referred to as ISRP. ISRP considers several parameters including the deadweight tonnage (DWT), product compatibility, port setup, and compartment washing costs. Considering these parameters, the objective fun...

Karyna eRosario, and Ryan O. Schenck, and Rachel C. Harbeitner, and Stephanie N. Lawler, and Mya eBreitbart

Viral metagenomics has recently revealed the ubiquitous and diverse nature of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses that encode a conserved replication initiator protein (Rep) in the marine environment. Although eukaryotic circular Rep-encoding ssDNA (CRESS-DNA) viruses were originally thought to only infect plants and vertebrates, recent studies have identified these viruses in a number of invertebrates. To further explore CRESS-DNA viruses in the marine environment, this study surveyed CRESS-DNA...

Ronald Vonk, and Bert Hoeksema, and Damia Jaume

Psammogammarus wallacei sp. n. is described from the shallow marine interstitial of a sand and coral rubble beach on the Gura Ici islands (North Moluccas; Indonesia). This is the first record of this circum-tropical genus from SE Asia, with the geographically closest relative inhabiting the Ryukyu archipelago in Japan. The new species is highly distinctive by the display of sexual dimorphism on pleopod II, with the medial margin of the male proximal article of exopod provided with a comb of shor...

Alvaro Abella, and Michela Ria, and Cecilia Mancusi

The coastal demersal fish assemblage exploited commercially by the Viareggio fleet was assessed in order to define its exploitation status and sustainability. A production model was used provided management benchmarks for the species for which available data are limited. The ASPIC Surplus production model was used. The results showed a depleted population for most of the species involved (B2008/B0 between 0.05 and 0.35) with high relative fishing mortality (F2008/FMSY between 1.18 and 1.64). Pop...

N. J. Silbiger, and M. J. Donahue

Climate change threatens both the accretion and erosion processes that sustain coral reefs. Secondary calcification, bioerosion, and reef dissolution are integral to the structural complexity and long-term persistence of coral reefs, yet these processes have received less research attention than reef accretion by corals. In this study, we use climate scenarios from RCP 8.5 to examine the combined effects of rising ocean acidity and sea surface temperature (SST) on both secondary calcification an...

R. Weller, and I. Levin, and D. Schmithüsen, and M. Nachbar, and J. Asseng, and D. Wagenbach

We report on continuously measured ²²²Rn activity concentrations in near-surface air at Neumayer Station in the period 1995–2011. This 17-year record showed no long-term trend and has overall mean ± standard deviation of (0.019 ± 0.012) Bq m⁻³. A distinct and persistent seasonality could be distinguished with maximum values of (0.028 ± 0.013) Bq m⁻³ from January to March and minimum values of (0.015 ± 0.009) Bq m⁻³ from May to October. Elevated <sup>22...

Jae-Chul Lee, and Sung-Chul Shin, and Soo-Young Kim

The geometry of engineering systems affects their performances. For this reason, the shape of engineering systems needs to be optimized in the initial design stage. However, engineering system design problems consist of multi-objective optimization and the performance analysis using commercial code or numerical analysis is generally time-consuming. To solve these problems, many engineers perform the optimization using the approximation model (response surface). The Response Surface Method (RSM) ...

W. Koeve, and H. Wagner, and P. Kähler, and A. Oschlies

The natural abundance of ¹⁴C in total CO₂ dissolved in seawater (DIC) is a property applied to evaluate the water age structure and circulation in the ocean and in ocean models. In this study we use three different representations of the global ocean circulation augmented with a suite of idealised tracers to study the potential and limitations of using natural ¹⁴C to determine water age, which is the time elapsed since a body of water has been in contact with the...

R. Timmermann, and S. Goeller, and S. Goeller

The Regional Antarctic ice and Global Ocean (RAnGO) model has been developed to study the interaction between the world ocean and the Antarctic ice sheet. The coupled model is based on a global implementation of the Finite Element Sea-ice Ocean Model (FESOM) with a mesh refinement in the Southern Ocean, particularly in its marginal seas and in the sub-ice-shelf cavities. The cryosphere is represented by a regional setup of the ice flow model RIMBAY comprising the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf a...

A. N. Pinchuk

<p>The aim is to develop the methodological support to determine vibration amplitude of the ship hull remotely using a coherent radar centimeter range based on the variation of the Doppler signal spectrum reflected from a vibrating surface.</p><p>The paper presents a synthesized mathematical model of the radio signal reflected from the vibrating surface. It is the signal of coherent radar of continuous radiation with a known carrier frequency and the amplitude of the radiated signal. In the synt...

W. KOCHED, and A. HATTOUR, and F. ALEMANY, and A. GARCIA, and K. SAID

Spatial distribution and ecology of the larvae of three tuna species (Thunnus thynnus, Auxis rochei and Euthynnus alletteratus) were studied during an ichthyoplankton survey carried out in the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia) in June and July 2009. A total of 80 stations, distributed on a regular sampling grid, were sampled. The main objectives of this survey were to provide information on tuna larvae distribution in the Gulf of Gabes in relation to the environmental parameters. Regarding small tunas, la...

P. Lu, and M. Leppäranta, and B. Cheng, and Z. Li, and L. Istomina, and G. Heygster

Pond color, which creates the visual appearance of melt ponds on Arctic sea ice in summer, is quantitatively investigated using a two-stream radiative transfer model for ponded sea ice. The upwelling irradiance from the pond surface is determined and then its spectrum is transformed into RGB (red, green, blue) color space using a colorimetric method. The dependence of pond color on various factors such as water and ice properties and incident solar radiation is investigated. The results r...

Dan A. Smale, and Anna L.E. Yunnie, and Thomas Vance, and Stephen Widdicombe

Extreme climatic events, including heat waves (HWs) and severe storms, influence the structure of marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Despite growing consensus that anthropogenic climate change will increase the frequency, duration and magnitude of extreme events, current understanding of their impact on communities and ecosystems is limited. Here, we used sessile invertebrates on settlement panels as model assemblages to examine the influence of HW magnitude, duration and timing on marine biodiv...

G. Dishon, and J. Fisch, and I. Horn, and K. Kaczmarek, and J. Bijma, and D. F. Gruber, and O. Nir, and Y. Popovich, and D. Tchernov

Coral reefs occupy only ~ 0.1 percent of the ocean's habitat, but are the most biologically diverse marine ecosystem. In recent decades, coral reefs have experienced a significant global decline due to a variety of causes, one of the major causes being widespread coral bleaching events. During bleaching, the coral expels its symbiotic algae, thereby losing its main source of nutrition generally obtained through photosynthesis. While recent coral bleaching events have been extensively investigate...

Marta Moyano, and Santiago Hernández-León

Temporal and spatial variations of the larval fish community off the island of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands) were studied in weekly surveys from October 2005 to June 2006. A total of 156 taxa, belonging to 51 families and 15 orders, were identified. Myctophidae was by far the most abundant family (30%), followed by Sparidae (11%), Clupeidae (9%) and Gonostomatidae (7%). As expected for an oceanic island, neritic and oceanic taxa contributed in similar proportions. Leeward and windward retention ...

Gilha Yoon, and Hajer Al-Kaabi, and Um Kalthoum Al-Kindi, and Salem Khoom, and Miyoung Cho, and Myong Ae Park, and Andrew Shinn

The Omani abalone, Haliotis mariae, is the only species of abalone found in Omani waters. Given the rarity of this species and the high price it can fetch on the market (US$ 150 kg-1 dry weight), the wild abalone fishery in the Dhofar region has been regarded as a valuable income source for the past decade. The present study was undertaken set to investigate the mortality of abalone held at the Mirbat Research Center, through bacteriological and histopathological based investigations and challen...

H. A. Bouman, and T. Platt, and M. Doblin, and F. G. Figueiras, and K. Gudmundsson, and H. G. Gudfinnsson, and B. Huang, and A. Hickman, and M. Hiscock, and T. Jackson, and V. A. Lutz, and F. Mélin, and F. Rey, and P. Pepin, and V. Segura, and G. H. Tilstone, and V. van Dongen-Vogels, and S. Sathyendranath, and S. Sathyendranath

The photosynthetic performance of marine phytoplankton varies in response to a variety of factors, environmental and taxonomic. One of the aims of the MArine primary Production: model Parameters from Space (MAPPS) project of the European Space Agency is to assemble a global database of photosynthesis–irradiance (<i>P</i>-<i>E</i>) parameters from a range of oceanographic regimes as an aid to examining the basin-scale variability in the photophysiological response of marine phytoplankton and ...

Edgar M. Reyes Jr

This research explored the natural resources available to the island municipality of Tingloy, Batangas. It looks at fisheries as the economic resource of an island and how this activity is linked in with the larger economic context of the mainland. Tingloy is a rural settlement the livelihood of which is dependent on fishing and its spatio-economic links with the mainland through fisheries. Fishing is the subsistence economy of Tingloy, with the surplus exported to the mainland. However, a fishe...

K. Lehtipalo, and M. Kulmala, and M. Sipilä, and T. Petäjä, and M. Vana, and D. Ceburnis, and R. Dupuy, and C. O'Dowd

The detailed mechanism of secondary new particle formation in the atmosphere is still under debate. It is proposed that particle formation happens via activation of 1–2 nm atmospheric neutral molecular clusters and/or large molecules. Since traditional instrumentation does not reach these sizes, the hypothesis has not yet been verified. By directly measuring particle size distributions down to mobility diameters of about 1.3 nm with a pulse-height CPC, we provide evidence of the nucleation mecha...

C. B. Hasager, and J. Carstensen, and T. Ellermann, and B. G. Gustafson, and O. Hertel, and M. Johnsson, and S. Markager, and C. Ambelas Skjøth

A retrospective analysis is carried out to investigate the importance of the vertical fluxes of nitrogen to the marine sea surface layer in which high chlorophyll a levels may cause blooms of harmful algae and subsequent turn over and oxygen depletion at the bottom of the sea. Typically nitrogen is the limiting factor for phytoplankton in the Kattegat Strait during summer periods (May to August) and the major nitrogen inputs come from the atmosphere and deep-water entrainment. The extreme r...

Sthelio Braga da Fonseca, and Paulo de Paula Mendes, and Cândida Juliana de Lyra Albertim, and Cláudio Figueiroa Bittencourt, and José Humberto Vilar da Silva

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da densidade de estocagem no cultivo do camarão marinho Litopenaeus vannamei, em água doce. Foram avaliadas as seguintes densidades de estocagem: 5 (D5), 10 (D10), 15 (D15), 20 (D20), 25 (D25) e 30 (D30) camarões por metro quadrado. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com duas repetições. Foram avaliados o desempenho zootécnico dos camarões e os parâmetros físicos e químicos da água. Os parâmetros zootécnicos de L. vannamei for...

LUÍS H. POERSCH, and ÂNGELA M. MILACH, and RONALDO O. CAVALLI, and WILSON JR. WASIELESKY, and OSMAR MÖLLER, and JORGE P. CASTELLO

Ecological modeling has been used as a tool to estimate potential impacts caused by aquaculture to the surrounding environment. In this work, a mathematical model was applied to estimate the maximum amount of pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus paulensis) culture units (3,100m2 pen enclosures) that could be installed at two shallow estuarine bays of Patos Lagoon (known as Coreia and Porto do Rei) with no significant effects on either water quality or viability of the culture system. To calibrate the mo...

K.V Singarajah

The paper deals with some base trophic factors in relation to two herbivores, namely oysters and mullets, which derive their energy directly from the first trophic level of an estuarine ecosystem. The analysis of the gut contents of both organisms has shown that they feed mostly on micro-organisms, especially planktonic and benthic diatoms, and a significant percentage of detritus materials, including inorganic particles, is always present. Their dietary components are very much related to seaso...

L. Pinho, and A. Enrich-Prast, and C. M. Duarte, and H. Marotta

The variation of partial pressure of CO₂ (<i>p</i>CO₂), pH, salinity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in surface waters of 12 coastal Brazilian lakes was examined following periods of contrasting rainfall. Periods of high rainfall were followed by a large, almost 10 fold, increase in <i>p</i>CO₂ and a one unit decrease in pH in the lakes, whereas no consistent changes in DOC were observed. CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere from the Brazilian coastal la...

Carla R. Rodenbusch, and Laura L. Almeida, and Fernanda S. Marks, and Michelli W. Ataíde, and Marcelo M. Alievi, and Maurício Tavares, and Rosecler Alves Pereira, and Cláudio W. Canal

Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a benign tumoral disease that affects sea turtles, hampering movement, sight and feeding, ultimately leading to death. In Brazil, the disease was described for the first time in 1986. Research suggests the involvement of a herpesvirus in association with environmental and genetic factors as causal agents of FP. The objective of the present study was to detect and characterize this herpesvirus in sea turtles living in the coast of state Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. ...

Ernesto Velázquez-Velázquez, and David González-Solís, and Guillermo Salgado-Maldonado

The Asian fish tapeworm, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, has been considered one of the most dangerous parasites for cultured carp and a risk for native freshwater fish populations worldwide. This cestode is highly pathogenic for fishes especially fry. In this paper we record B. acheilognathi parasitizing the endangered and endemic freshwater fish Profundulus hildebrandi from the endorheic basin of San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. B. acheilognathi was recorded from 10 of the 11 sample...

Satoru eSuzuki, and Phan Thi Phuong eHoa

Southeast Asia has become the center of rapid industrial development and economic growth. However, this growth has far outpaced investment in public infrastructure, leading to the unregulated release of many pollutants, including wastewater-related contaminants such as antibiotics. Antibiotics are of major concern because they can easily be released into the environment from numerous sources, and can subsequently induce development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Recent studies have shown that...

Sung-Chul Shin, and Soon-Sup Lee, and Dong-Hoon Kang, and Kyung-Ho Lee

In this paper, a prototype of ship basic planning system is implemented for the small and medium sized shipyards based on the internet technology and concurrent engineering concept. The system is designed from the user requirements. Consequently, standardized development environment and tools are selected. These tools are used for the system development to define and evaluate core application technologies. The system will contribute to increasing competitiveness of small and medium sized shipyar...

George E. Dafoulas, and Afentoula Mavrodi, and Alexandra Bargiota, and Haralambos Giannakakos, and Panagiotis Stafylas, and Paraskevi Gkiata, and Petros Pechlivangolou, and Kyriaki Theodorou, and Georgios Koukoulis, and Vasilios Aletras

Nilg&uuml;n &Ouml;NG&Yacute;DER

Objective: In this study, it is aimed to investigate efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in divorced women. For this aim, it was evaluated levels of depression, anxiety and loneliness by pre and post therapy. Method: Study sample was obtained from a special family consulting center. The sample of the study consisted of 7 divorced women. The participants was selected from women whom was divorced between 0-2 years. Among divorced women a CBT intervention program was used. This study was...

Eneas eAguirre-Von-Wobeser, and Luis Enrique Eguiarte, and Valeria eSouza, and Gloria eSoberón-Chávez

Many strains of bacteria produce antagonistic substances that restrain the growth of others, and potentially give them a competitive advantage. These substances are commonly released to the surrounding environment, involving metabolic costs in terms of energy and nutrients. The rate at which these molecules need to be produced to maintain a certain amount of them close to the producing cell before they are diluted into the environment has not been explored so far. To understand the potential cos...

Jesper H. Andersen, and Karsten eDahl, and Cordula eGöke, and Martin eHartvig, and Ciarán eMurray, and Anna eRindorf, and Henrik eSkov, and Morten eVinther, and Samuli eKorpinen

Integrated assessment of the status of marine biodiversity is and has been problematic compared to, for example, assessments of eutrophication and contamination status, mostly as a consequence of the fact that monitoring of marine habitats, communities and species is expensive, often collected at an incorrect spatial scale and/or poorly integrated with existing marine environmental monitoring efforts. The objective of this Method Paper is to introduce and describe a simple tool for integrated as...

H. B. Swan, and G. B. Jones, and E. S. M. Deschaseaux, and B. D. Eyre

Atmospheric dimethylsulfide (DMS_a), continually derived from the world's oceans, is a feed gas for the tropospheric production of new sulfate particles, leading to cloud condensation nuclei that influence the formation and properties of marine clouds and ultimately the Earth's radiation budget. Previous studies on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia, have indicated coral reefs are significant sessile sources of DMS_a capable of enhancing the tropospheric DMS_a ...

Youngjun You, and Key-Pyo Rhee, and Kyoungsoo Ahn

In constructing a collision avoidance system, it is important to determine the time for starting collision avoidance maneuver. Many researchers have attempted to formulate various indices by applying a range of techniques. Among these indices, collision risk obtained by combining Distance to the Closest Point of Approach (DCPA) and Time to the Closest Point of Approach (TCPA) information with fuzzy theory is mostly used. However, the collision risk has a limit, in that membership functions of DC...

Azhar Amyra Natasha, and Aidy Ahmad Syukri, and Mohd Kamaruddin Siti Nor Diana, PhD, and Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana, PhD, and Kok-Yong Chin, PhD

Background: Individuals aged 30–60 years have a high possibility of experiencing low back pain. However, children and adolescents are not exempted from this problem. This study aimed to determine the relationship between backpack usage and the frequency of low back pain in pre-university students. Methods: A total of 101 currently enrolled pre-university students were recruited for this cross-sectional study. They answered a questionnaire about their demographic details and their frequency of ba...

María Botella-Cruz, and Adrián Villastrigo, and Susana Pallarés, and Elena López-Gallego, and Andrés Millán, and Josefa Velasco

Hydrocarbons are the principal component of insect cuticle and play an important role in maintaining water balance. Cuticular impermeability could be an adaptative response to salinity and desiccation in aquatic insects; however, cuticular hydrocarbons have been poorly explored in this group and there are no previous data on saline species. We characterized cuticular hydrocarbons of adults and larvae of two saline aquatic beetles, namely Nebrioporus baeticus (Dytiscidae) and Enochrus jesusarriba...

Kukuh Nirmala, and Yani Hadiroseyani, and Riza Purbo Widiasto

<p>Transportation of fish fry with high density in closed system will reduce levels of O2, increasing CO2 and NH3, will also elevate the fish stress so that increase fish mortality. To reduce the effects of increased CO2 and NH3 can be applied by using zeolite and activated charcoal, while to reduce the fish stress is through the addition of salt. This study aims to determine the dose of salt added into the water containing zeolite and activated charcoal in a closed transportation system with a ...

José Salomão Schwartzman, and Renata de Lima Velloso, and Maria Eloísa Famá D’Antino, and Silvana Santos

Objective To compare visual fixation at social stimuli in Rett syndrome (RT) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) patients. Method Visual fixation at social stimuli was analyzed in 14 RS female patients (age range 4-30 years), 11 ASD male patients (age range 4-20 years), and 17 children with typical development (TD). Patients were exposed to three different pictures (two of human faces and one with social and non-social stimuli) presented for 8 seconds each on the screen of a computer attached to...

H. Lavigne, and F. D'Ortenzio, and H. Claustre, and A. Poteau

Understanding the ocean carbon cycle requires a precise assessment of phytoplankton biomass in the oceans. In terms of numbers of observations, satellite data represent the largest available data set. However, as they are limited to surface waters, they have to be merged with in situ observations. Amongst the in situ data, fluorescence profiles constitute the greatest data set available, because fluorometers have operated routinely on oceanographic cruises since the 1970s. Nevertheless, fluoresc...

J. R. Young, and P. Tortell, and M. T. Maldonado, and C. Turley, and C. Brownlee, and D. N. Schmidt, and A. Ridgwell

The observed variation in the calcification responses of coccolithophores to changes in carbonate chemistry paints a highly incoherent picture, particularly for the most commonly cultured "species", <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i>. The disparity between magnitude and potentially even sign of the calcification change under simulated end-of-century ocean surface chemical changes (higher <i>p</i>CO₂, lower pH and carbonate saturation), raises challenges to quantifying future carbon cycle impact...