ANDRÉ L. S. FURTADO, and PETER CASPER, and FRANCISCO A. ESTEVES

The bacterioplanktonic abundance, biomass, and production within a tropical lagoon (Cabiúnas, Brazil) and two temperate lakes (Stechlin and Dagow, Germany) were compared. Bacterial abundance and production were significantly different among the three water bodies. The lowest bacterial production ( 0.8mug C l-1 d-1) was observed in the tropical Cabiúnas Lagoon despite its higher mean temperature and dissolved organic carbon concentration. Highest bacterioplankton abundance ( 2.6 x 10(9) cells l-1...

Luis Vinatea, and Walter Muedas, and Rafael Arantes

A simulation was conducted to determinate the impact caused by thecombination of Litopenaeus vannamei respiratory rate (mg O2 shrimp-1 h-1), the behavior of SOTR (kg O2 h-1) of mechanical aerators as a function of salinity, as well as the oxygen consumption rate of the pond water and soil (mg O2 L-1 h-1) on the aeration of shrimp ponds (1, 10, 50 and 100 ha) stocked with different densities (10, 40 and 120 shrimp m-2), salinities (1, 13, 25 and 37 ppt), temperatures (20, 25 and 30°C), and shrimp...

Nour-Eddine, Karam, and Mourad, Kacem

<font face="Helvetica" size="1"><p align="left">The microflora of naturally fermented green olives produced in Western Algeria was studied over 15, 60 and 90 day fermentation periods. Different microorganisms (aerobic bacteria, coliforms, staphylococci, lactic acid bacteria, lactobacilli, enterococci, yeasts, psychrotrophs and lipolytic bacteria) were recorded at 15 and 60 days of fermentation.&nbsp;<font face="Helvetica" size="1">After 90 days (pH 4.40) of fermentation, the lactic acid bacteria...

Scarabotti, Pablo A., and López, Javier Alejandro, and Ghirardi, Romina

Las larvas de muchas especies de anfibios viven en ambientes con vegetación y de aguas turbias, donde la visibilidad es muy limitada. En estos ambientes, la utilización de señales químicas para la detección de depredadores podría ser más confiable que la utilización de señales visuales. Las larvas de Odontophrynus americanus habitan en las lagunas del valle aluvial del río Paraná Medio, Argentina, donde normalmente se dan condiciones de baja visibilidad. La hipótesis de este trabajo fue que los ...

Ott Roots, and Mart Simm

The concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-<i>p</i>-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCB) were determined in samples of Baltic herring (<i>Clupea harengus membras</i>) and sprat (<i>Sprattus sprattus balticus</i>) in 2006 from commercial catches in Estonian coastal waters, Baltic Sea. The dioxin content of the fish sampled in 2006 did not exceed the European Union's maximum permissible level for PCDD/Fs (4.0 pg WHO-TEQ/g fres...

Douglas F Peiró, and Fernando L Mantelatto

The Pinnotheridae family is one of the most diverse and complex groups of brachyuran crabs, many of them symbionts of a wide variety of invertebrates. The present study describes the population dynamics of the pea crab Austinixa aidae (Righi, 1967), a symbiont associated with the burrows of the ghost shrimp Callichirus major (Say, 1818). Individuals (n = 588) were collected bimonthly from May, 2005 to September, 2006 along a sandy beach in the southwestern Atlantic, state of São Paulo, Brazil. O...

Zhang De-Sheng, and Chen Jian, and Shi Wei-Dong, and Shi Lei, and Geng Lin-Lin

Both efficiency and cavitation performance of the hydrofoil are the key technologies to design the tidal current turbine. In this paper, the hydrofoil efficiency and lift coefficient were improved based on particle swarm optimization method and XFoil codes. The cavitation performance of the optimized hydrofoil was also discussed by the computational fluid dynamic. Numerical results show the efficiency of the optimized hydrofoil was improved 11% ranging from the attack angle of ...

Marian Yong-An Hu, and Marian Yong-An Hu, and Ying-Jey eGuh, and Yi-Ta eShao, and Pou-Long eKuan, and Guan-Lin eChen, and Jay-Ron eLee, and Ming-Shiou eJeng, and Yung-Che eTseng

Hydrothermal vent organisms have evolved physiological adaptations to cope with extreme abiotic conditions including temperature and pH. To date, acid-base regulatory abilities of vent organisms are poorly investigated, although this physiological feature is essential for survival in low pH environments.We report the acid-base regulatory mechanisms of a hydrothermal vent crab, Xenograpsus testudinatus, endemic to highly acidic shallow-water vent habitats with average environment pH values rangin...

Robert van Woesik, and Kelly van Woesik, and Liana van Woesik, and Sandra van Woesik

Ocean acidification threatens the foundation of tropical coral reefs. This study investigated three aspects of ocean acidification: (i) the rates at which perforate and imperforate coral-colony skeletons passively dissolve when pH is 7.8, which is predicted to occur globally by 2100, (ii) the rates of passive dissolution of corals with respect to coral-colony surface areas, and (iii) the comparative rates of a vertical reef-growth model, incorporating passive dissolution rates, and predicted sea...

Emanuele Organelli, and Caterina Nuccio, and Chiara Melillo, and Luca Massi

Phytoplankton absorption is mainly determined by pigment composition and packaging into the cell, in turn affected by pigment concentration and cell size and shape. The variations of the chlorophyll-specific absorption coefficients at two selected wavelengths (443 nm and 675 nm) were analysed for offshore areas of the Mediterranean Sea (Alboran, Algerian, Tyrrhenian, Ionian Basins and Sardinia Channel) investigated in autumn 2006, 2007 and 2008. The spatial distribution of Tchl a, accessory pigm...

A. EL-HAWEET

The present work aimed to obtain precise data on the catch of the purse seine net operating at daytime from sunrise till noon in Abu Qir Bay during 1997 and 1998. Sardine, anchovy, mullet and rabbitfish were recorded as the main target fish groups. Twenty-seven species were recorded as by-catch species. Catch per unit effort was estimated to be 93 kg/day/boat. The percentage of each target species in the catch and its length frequency distribution were presented. The length range of by-catch spe...

Matthijs Blankers, and Arnold van Emmerik, and Bastian Richters, and Jack Dekker

Introduction: This paper reports first experiences while providing blended (combined face-to-face and internet-based) flexible assertive community treatment (FACT) to outpatients with severe mental illnesses (SMI). The aim was to compare treatment satisfaction, clinical outcome and quality of life in the short term (3 months) of patients receiving blended FACT with those receiving conventional FACT. Method: This pilot study was designed as an open label prospective controlled cohort study. 47 SM...

Catalina Pastor de Ward, and Virginia Lo Russo, and Gabriela Villares, and Lidia Miyashiro, and Viviana Milano, and Renato Mazzanti

The free-living marine nematodes of San Julián Bay dataset is based on sediment samples collected in January 2009 during the project PICT AGENCIA-FONCYT 2/33345-2005. A total of 36 samples have been taken at three locations in the San Julián Bay, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina on the coastal littoral at three tidal levels. This presents a unique and important collection for the nematode benthic biodiversity assessment as this area remains one of the least known regions in Patagonia. In total 10,...

P. J. Buchanan, and R. J. Matear, and A. Lenton, and S. J. Phipps, and Z. Chase, and D. M. Etheridge

The ocean's ability to store large quantities of carbon, combined with the millennial longevity over which this reservoir is overturned, has implicated the ocean as a key driver of glacial–interglacial climates. However, the combination of processes that cause an accumulation of carbon within the ocean during glacial periods is still under debate. Here we present simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) using the CSIRO Mk3L-COAL (Carbon–Ocean–Atmosphere–Land) earth system model to test the ...

R. N. Handcock, and D. L. Gobbett, and L. A. González, and G. J. Bishop-Hurley, and S. L. McGavin

Timely and accurate monitoring of pasture biomass and ground cover is necessary in livestock production systems to ensure productive and sustainable management. Interest in the use of proximal sensors for monitoring pasture status in grazing systems has increased, since data can be returned in near real time. Proximal sensors have the potential for deployment on large properties where remote sensing may not be suitable due to issues such as spatial scale or cloud cover. There are unresolved chal...

David eEmerson, and Eric eRoden, and Benjamin eTwining

Urszula Słupska

Virtual organization is the most effective and flexible form of running economic activity. Arising such organization is connected with logistics, whose tasks is to increase efficiency of companies and acceleration their reaction to market’s requirements. Virtual organization is created by different economic units, which are connected with network of relations. This kind of network can be presented as logistic chain or supplies chain. Logistics in virtual organization lead to reduction decision’s...

I. AYDIN

Determining bait type might be one of the most important factors that influence the amount and size of the fish catch in marine recreational fishery. To this end, the relationships between two types of natural bait and catch per unit effort (CPUE), yield per unit effort (YPUE), fish size and condition (K=W/TL3) were evaluated in recreational fishery İzmir Bay (Middle Eastern Aegean Sea, Turkey). The most abundant angling species in Turkish coasts; annular sea bream (Diplodus annularis), blotched...

Aistė Liekytė, and Raimondas Leopoldas Idzelis, and Nijolė Kazlauskienė

This article investigates toxic effects of heavy metals (Ni, Cu) and their binary mixture (Ni+Cu) on the cardio-respiratory system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae depending on the type of metal, metal concentration and the duration of their exposure. The one-day larvae of rainbow trout were exposed to Ni (0,1; 0,2 mg/l, respectively), Cu (0,25; 0;5 mg/l, respectively) and their binary mixture. During long-term exposure (30 days), the physiological parameters of larvae, e.g. heart ...

Gardênia Márcia Silva Campos Mata, and Cláudia Lúcia de Oliveira Pinto, and Hércia Stampini Duarte Martino, and Helena Maria Pinheiro-Sant'Ana

<p>Face to the increase of meals eaten out, commercial restaurants must focus on the preparation of meals according to eating security rules, since food quality can affect population's health and well-being. This paper aimed at implementing good practices requirements at a Pilot Commercial Restaurant, from a preliminary diagnosis based in valid legislation. The restaurant's activities included: attendance and evaluation of good practices; evaluation of the manipulators' degree of knowledge about...

S.L. Li, Grad. Dip. Adv. Manip. Ther, and A. Lee

Yvonne Antonia Lipsewers, and Nicole J. Bale, and Ellen C. Hopmans, and Stefan eSchouten, and Jaap S. Sinninghe Damste, and Laura eVillanueva

Microbial processes such as nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) are important for nitrogen cycling in marine sediments. Seasonal variations of archaeal and bacterial ammonia oxidizers (AOA and AOB) and anammox bacteria, as well as the environmental factors affecting these groups, are not well studied. We have examined the seasonal and depth distribution of the abundance and potential activity of these microbial groups in coastal marine sediments of the southern North Sea. Th...

José C. Báez, and Juan J. Bellido, and Francisco Ferri-Yáñez, and Juan J. Castillo, and Juan J. Martín, and José L. Mons, and David Romero, and Raimundo Real

The aim of this study was to explore the possible link between variations in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and sea surface temperature (SST) and the abundance of loggerhead turtles around the Strait of Gibraltar, using stranding data for the Andalusian coastal area as a proxy for abundance. The annual average SST (from November to October) in the Gulf of Cadiz was negatively associated with the total number of loggerhead strandings each year from November 1997 to October 2006 in the Gulf ...

Tomas Toth, and Miriama Kopernicka, and Lubos Harangozo, and Alica Bobkova, and Marek Bobko

The main aim of our work was to identify the content of mercury and nickel in selected fish species. Consumers today are increasingly aware of the association between diet and health, and thus in Europe consume more and more fish. Fish is a valuable source of high quality protein, minerals and vitamins, and fatty fish are also rich in omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are normally considered to be beneficial to health. In our work we determined content of mercury and nickel harvested fi...

C. TSABARIS, and I. THANOS

We describe a set up and an application for an autonomously working, radioactivity sensing instrument, usable in seawater and river environments. The system is based on a N aI scintillator with the appropriate specifications for use in the marine environment and for real time acquisition. It is simple, stable for long - term monitoring, and of low consumption. Many tests were carried out for the linearity and the stability of the electronics. The investigation of energy resolution and energy cal...

L. Perini, and L. Calabrese, and G. Salerno, and P. Ciavola, and C. Armaroli

This paper aims at presenting and comparing two methodologies adopted by the Emilia-Romagna region, northern Italy, to evaluate coastal vulnerability and to produce hazard and risk maps for coastal floods, in the framework of the EU Floods Directive. The first approach was adopted before the directive had been issued. Three scenarios of damage were designed (1-, 10-, 100-year return periods), produced by the concurrent occurrence of a storm, high surge levels and high-water spring tidal levels. ...

P. Le Mézo, and L. Beaufort, and L. Bopp, and P. Braconnot, and M. Kageyama

The current-climate Indian monsoon is known to boost biological productivity in the Arabian Sea. This paradigm has been extensively used to reconstruct past monsoon variability from palaeo-proxies indicative of changes in surface productivity. Here, we test this paradigm by simulating changes in marine primary productivity for eight contrasted climates from the last glacial–interglacial cycle. We show that there is no straightforward correlation between boreal summer productivity of the Ar...

Jorge de Jesus Tirado-Ibarra, and Mariany Loya-Rodriguez, and Jose Carlos Morales-Arevalo, and Isabel Rosario Muñoz-Garcia, and Francisco Martinez-Perez, and Jorge Saul Ramirez-Perez, and Laura Rebeca Jimenez-Gutierrez

The shrimp fishery is one of the most important fisheries in the world, although the low selectivity from trawling nets has led to the capture of a large number of non-target species. Shrimp-bycatch species include a large number of fish and invertebrate species, of which fish species are the most abundant. The present study aims to determine the community structure as well as the average sizes at first maturity of the fish species from shrimp-bycatch caught from industrial fisheries in the Mexi...

Luboš Beran

The aquatic mollusc populations of a restored water reservoir N1 – Stodůlky (Prague Capital City, Czech Republic, Elbe River Basin) were studied during 2005. Two visits, one and two months after inundation of the reservoir revealed rapid colonisation by 14 species of aquatic molluscs and the introduction of eight species (Valvata macrostoma, Stagnicola palustris s. str., S. corvus, Planorbis planorbis, Bathyomphalus contortus, Anisus spirorbis, A. septemgyratus, Segmentina nitida) from a site in...

Kirsten Emmert, and Rotem Kopel, and Yury Koush, and Raphael Maire, and Pascal Senn, and Dimitri Van De Ville, and Sven Haller

The emerging technique of real-time fMRI neurofeedback trains individuals to regulate their own brain activity via feedback from an fMRI measure of neural activity. Optimum feedback presentation has yet to be determined, particularly when working with clinical populations. To this end, we compared continuous against intermittent feedback in subjects with tinnitus. Fourteen participants with tinnitus completed the whole experiment consisting of nine runs (3 runs × 3 days). Prior to the neurofeedb...

Fricke Wolfgang, and Zacke Sonja

During ship design, welding-induced distortions are roughly estimated as a function of the size of the component as well as the welding process and residual stresses are assumed to be locally in the range of the yield stress. Existing welding simulation methods are very complex and time-consuming and therefore not applicable to large structures like ships. Simplified methods for the estimation of welding effects were and still are subject of several research projects, but mostly concerning smal...

Pai-An Hwang, and Nam Nhut Phan, and Wen-Jung Lu, and Bui Thi Ngoc Hieu, and Yen-Chang Lin

Background: The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of low-molecular-weight fucoidan (LMF) and high-stability fucoxanthin (HS-Fucox) in a lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory Caco-2 cell line co-culture with B. lactis. Methods: We used various methods such as transepithelial resistance (TER) assay, cytokine secretion assay, and tight junction protein mRNA expression assay to examine LMF and HS-Fucox anti-inflammatory properties. Results: LMF and HS-Fucox activate...

Shunsuke Hirooka, and Shin-ya Miyagishima

Microalgae possess a high potential for producing pigments, antioxidants, and lipophilic compounds for industrial applications. However, the cultivation of microalgae comes at a high cost. To reduce the cost, changes from a closed bioreactor to open pond system and from a synthetic medium to environmental or wastewater-based medium are being sought. However, the use of open pond systems is currently limited because of contamination by undesirable organisms. To overcome this issue, one strategy i...

F. A. C. Le Moigne, and S. A. Henson, and R. J. Sanders, and E. Madsen

The oceanic biological carbon pump is an important factor in the global carbon cycle. Organic carbon is exported from the surface ocean mainly in the form of settling particles derived from plankton production in the upper layers of the ocean. The large variability in current estimates of the global strength of the biological carbon pump emphasises that our knowledge of a major planetary carbon flux remains poorly constrained. We present a database of 723 estimates of organic carbon export from ...

Anne eSchwedt, and Anne-Christin eKreutzmann, and Lubos ePolerecky, and Heide N. eSchulz-Vogt

The chemolithoautotrophic strain Beggiatoa sp. 35Flor shows an unusual migration behavior when cultivated in a gradient medium under high sulfide fluxes. As common for Beggiatoa spp., the filaments form a mat at the oxygen-sulfide interface. However, upon prolonged incubation, a subpopulation migrates actively downwards into the anoxic and sulfidic section of the medium, where the filaments become gradually depleted in their sulfur and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) inclusions. This depletion is co...

D. Shilla

The source and composition of suspended particulate organic matter in the Manko estuary, Okinawa Island, Japan, has been evaluated using fatty acid biomarkers and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. Fatty acid signature and stable isotope data have revealed that terrestrial organic matter (including terrestrial vascular plants), bacteria, phytoplankton produced within the estuary and coastal sea, green macroalgae and mixed planktonic-sources predominantly contributed to the organic matter pool ...

Perovic A., and Perovic Svetlana, and Erdinger L., and Hollert H.

In this study we evaluated the genotoxic potential of surface sediment extracts of Lake Skadar using a combination of two in vitro tests: the Comet assay on the fibroblast-like permanent cell line RTL-W1, and the Ames test on the strain Salmonella typhimurium TA98. The obtained results show that both tests were successful in determining the genotoxic potential in the sediment organic fractions. They possess enough sensitivity to detect early warning signals and evaluate the genotoxic poten...

Rajesh Hosadurga, and M S Nabeel Althaf, and Shashikanth Hegde, and Kashyap S Rajesh, and M S Arun Kumar

Background: Sex hormones may be a modifying factor in the periodontal disease pathogenesis. Aim: The association between gingival enlargement and sex hormone levels in adolescent patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy needs to be determined. Settings and Design: This study was conducted in the Department of Periodontology in association with the Department of Orthodontics, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya University, Mangaluru. Materials and Methods: A pilot study was conducted on 21 ado...

Sérgio Gualberto Martins, and Junior Cesar Avanzi, and Marx Leandro Naves Silva, and Nilton Curi, and Lloyd Darrell Norton, and Sebastião Fonseca

Knowledge on the factors influencing water erosion is fundamental for the choice of the best land use practices. Rainfall, expressed by rainfall erosivity, is one of the most important factors of water erosion. The objective of this study was to determine rainfall erosivity and the return period of rainfall in the Coastal Plains region, near Aracruz, a town in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, based on available data. Rainfall erosivity was calculated based on historic rainfall data, collecte...

Dimas Gianuca, and Rodrigo Sant'Ana, and Tatiana Neves

S. A. Howie, and H. J. van Meerveld

In restoration planning for damaged raised bogs, the lagg at the bog margin is often not given considerable weight and is sometimes disregarded entirely. However, the lagg is critical for the proper functioning of the bog, as it supports the water mound in the bog. In order to include the lagg in a restoration plan for a raised bog, it is necessary to understand the hydrological characteristics and functions of this rarely studied transition zone. We studied 13 coastal British Columbia (BC) bogs...

Sergio Luís Blay, and Jair de Jesus Mari, and Luiz Roberto Ramos

Foi aplicada uma versão reduzida do "Face-Hand Test", o FHT-R, em 91 pessoas com 65 anos ou mais em uma amostra ao acaso de idosos vivendo na comunidade (São Paulo, Brasil), com objetivo de testar a habilidade do instrumento em detectar as síndromes psicorgânicas. Os escores do FHT-R foram comparados com as avaliações de um psiquiatra utilizando uma entrevista semi-estruturada, a "Clinical Interview Schedule". Cinco pessoas foram consideradas como sendo portadoras de distúrbios psicorgânicos e 8...

Naércio A. Menezes, and Stanley H. Weitzman, and Irani Quagio-Grassiotto

Two new species of inseminating freshwater fishes of the genus Monotocheirodon, family Characidae, are described from Peru. Males and females of both new species have an external, visually obvious urogenital papilla that was not detected in the females in previous studies, with this longer in males, which use it as an inseminating organ. A third inseminating species from Bolivia, Monotocheirodon pearsoni, unstudied in any detail since its original description in 1924, is redescribed. This latter...

A. Rösel, and L. Kaleschke, and G. Birnbaum

Melt ponds on sea ice strongly reduce the surface albedo and accelerate the decay of Arctic sea ice. Due to different spectral properties of snow, ice, and water, the fractional coverage of these distinct surface types can be derived from multispectral sensors like the Moderate Resolution Image Spectroradiometer (MODIS) using a spectral unmixing algorithm. The unmixing was implemented using a multilayer perceptron to reduce computational costs. <br><br> Arctic-wide melt pond fractions and sea ic...

Linda McElduff, and Deborah Peel, and Heather Ritchie, and Michael Gregory Lloyd

This paper considers efforts to build community resilience through bottom-up responses to socioeconomic and environmental change in coastal communities on the island of Ireland. The discussion adds to a growing body of research which suggests that regeneration initiatives which do not consider a community’s resilience to change will fail to catalyse the changes needed to put that place on a more sustainable trajectory. The Octagon Values Model is presented as a heuristic device for exploring thi...

Amber Thomas, and Matthew R. Dawson, and Helen Ellis, and M. Andrew Stamper

Praziquantel (PZQ) is a drug commonly utilized to treat both human schistosomiasis and some parasitic infections and infestations in animals. In the aquarium industry, PZQ can be administered in a “bath” to treat the presence of ectoparasites on both the gills and skin of fish and elasmobranchs. In order to fully treat an infestation, the bath treatment has to maintain therapeutic levels of PZQ over a period of days or weeks. It has long been assumed that, once administered, PZQ is stable in a m...

Ying eHuang, and Lu eZhang, and Laura eTiu, and Hua H Wang, and Hua H Wang, and Hua H Wang

The objective of the study was to improve understanding of antibiotic resistance (AR) ecology through characterization of antibiotic resistant commensal isolates associated with an aquaculture production system. A total of 4767 isolates non-susceptible to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, tetracycline, erythromycin, or cefotaxime, originated from fish, feed, and environmental samples of an aquaculture farm with no known history of antibiotic applications were examined. Close to 80% of the isolates ...

Anna eJohnning, and Anna eJohnning, and Erik eKristiansson, and Jerker eFick, and Birgitta eWeijdegard, and Joakim eLarsson

Alterations in the target proteins of fluoroquinolones, especially in GyrA and ParC, are known to cause resistance. Here, we investigated environmental Escherichia communities to explore the possible link between the abundance of mutations, and the exposure to fluoroquinolones. Sediment samples were collected from aquatic environments representing a range from non-polluted up to 1 mg fluoroquinolones/g organic matter. The quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA and parC were analyzed us...

Dong-Ki Park, and Yun-Ho Shin, and Jung-Hoon Chung, and Eui S. Jung

Given the growing interest in damage control training for the naval ships and their organizations, expectations for a new concept of training program have also increased. The existing training programs and its concept focus on training crew to be more proficient and skilled so that they can respond better to damage situations, i.e., fires and flooding. This paper suggests a development procedure of damage control training scenarios using the survivability analysis results as a new concept of dam...

José Ariévilo Gurgel Rodrigues, and Norma Maria Barros Benevides, and Ana Maria Freire Tovar, and Paulo Antônio de Souza Mourão

Pharmacological efficacy of Caulerpa racemosa (Chlorophyta) sulfated polysaccharidic (SPs) fractions (F I→III) on models of coagulation and inflammation has been demonstrated, but not their effects on thrombin generation (TG). This study examined fractions for composition and physical-chemical characteristics and in vitro inactivation of TG by F I and F II in 60-fold diluted human plasma using continuous method. Papain-extraction yield of 0.7% revealed F I→III by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, w...