Renata Rosa, and Marceléia Rubert, and L. Giuliano-Caetano, and I Martins-Santos

Cytogenetic analyses were performed on Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) from the Taquari River, Parana River drainage, revealing two sympatric karyomorphs. One karyomorph was characterized by 2n = 40 m/sm and 2n = 39 m/sm chromosomes for females and males, respectively, and an X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y sex chromosome system. In the second karyomorph, specimens showed 2n = 42 m/sm chromosomes, without sex-related heteromorphism. Both karyomorphs were characterized by a distribution of heterochromati...

L. Cheng, and J. Zhu, and R. L. Sriver

Argo floats are used to examine tropical cyclone (TC) induced ocean thermal changes on the global scale by comparing temperature profiles before and after TC passage. We present a footprint method that analyzes cross-track thermal responses along all storm tracks during the period 2004–2012. We combine the results into composite representations of the vertical structure of the average thermal response for two different categories: tropical storms/tropical depressions (TS/TD) and hurricanes. The ...

B. Nechad, and K. Ruddick, and T. Schroeder, and K. Oubelkheir, and D. Blondeau-Patissier, and N. Cherukuru, and V. Brando, and A. Dekker, and L. Clementson, and A. C. Banks, and S. Maritorena, and P. J. Werdell, and C. Sá, and V. Brotas, and I. Caballero de Frutos, and Y.-H. Ahn, and S. Salama, and G. Tilstone, and V. Martinez-Vicente, and D. Foley, and M. McKibben, and J. Nahorniak, and T. Peterson, and A. Siliò-Calzada, and R. Röttgers, and Z. Lee, and M. Peters, and C. Brockmann

The use of in situ measurements is essential in the validation and evaluation of the algorithms that provide coastal water quality data products from ocean colour satellite remote sensing. Over the past decade, various types of ocean colour algorithms have been developed to deal with the optical complexity of coastal waters. Yet there is a lack of a comprehensive intercomparison due to the availability of quality checked in situ databases. The CoastColour Round Robin (CCRR) project, funded by th...

O. MARTINEZ, and J. SALMERÓN, and M.D. GUILLÉN

The use of smoke flavourings for the processing of salmon has begun to substitute traditional smoking methods. This review examines the quality issues associated with salted salmon ‘smoked’ by this technique along the salting and smoking steps. Firstly, the evidence is examined to determine whether dry or brine salting is better for salmon flesh destined to be treated by liquid smoking. Secondly, influence of liquid smoking on the sensorial, physicochemical and textural characteristics of the fl...

Amit Maitreya, and Darshika Rawat, and Shubham Pandey

Purpose: A pilot study was done to evaluate knowledge regarding “cortical visual impairment (CVI) in children” among ophthalmologists. Methods: This study was conducted during the annual conference of a zonal ophthalmological society. All ophthalmologists who attended the conference were requested to participate in this study. Those who agreed were given a validated questionnaire to assess knowledge regarding CVI. Cronbach's alpha of the questionnaire was 0.6. Participants were asked to respond ...

Bouchut F., and Fernández-Nieto E.D., and Koné E.H., and Mangeney A., and Narbona-Reina G.

We simulate here the collapse of granular columns immersed in a viscous fluid based on a simplified version of the model developed by [2]. The simulation quite well reproduces the dynamics and deposit of the granular mass as well as the excess pore fluid pressure measured in the laboratory experiments of [10] owing that dilatancy effects and pore pressure feedback are accounted for. In particular, the difference in the behaviour of initially loose and dense columns is reproduced numerically.

Rashmi Metgud, and Bhardwaj Tina Neelesh

Background: Tobacco consumption in smoke form causes severe health problems such as cancer. Micronuclei are structures that present after genomic damage in buccal mucosal cells which could be a good indicator of chromosomal alterations in cytological samples. The nuclear anomalies that are consequences of cell injury are also found in these cells. Aim: The present study was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-specific stain over DNA-nonspecific stain in exfoliate...

Bohdan Pac

The paper concerns the model of the naval base logistics interoperability within the multinational operations conducted at sea by NATO or EU nations. The model includes the set of logistic requirements that NATO and EU expect from the contributing nations within the area of the logistic support provided to the forces operating out of the home bases. Model may reflect the scheme configuration, the set of requirements and its mathematical description for the naval base supporting multinational for...

J. Michael eBeman, and Victoria Jean Bertics, and Victoria Jean Bertics, and Thomas eBraunschweiler, and Jesse eWilson

Microbial communities present in marine sediments play a central role in nitrogen biogeochemistry at local to global scales. Along the oxidation-reduction gradients present in sediment profiles, multiple nitrogen cycling processes (such as nitrification, denitrification, nitrogen fixation, and anaerobic ammonium oxidation) are active and actively coupled to one another—yet the microbial communities responsible for these transformations and the rates at which they occur are still poorly understo...

Bárbara Ondiviela, and Lina Fernández, and Araceli Puente, and Gerardo García-Castrillo, and José A. Juanes

Seagrasses are globally threatened ecosystems with essential ecological roles. An important limitation in seagrass conservation efforts is the poor understanding of resilient meadows. The present work studies a meadow, which maintained a large population of Zostera marina and Zostera noltei, during the decline of seagrasses in the Bay of Santander (from 1984 to 2000). The work examines resilience parameters related to the biological traits (biomass, density, length and width of the leaves) and t...

R.D. Sluka

This paper presents distribution records of 184 fish species surveyed in rocky reef habitats on the west coast of India. Surveys were completed in situ by SCUBA diving. Twelve species appear to be new records for India based on previous literature including Fishbase. These are in the families Apogonidae, Pempheridae, Cirrhitidae, Pomacentridae, Acanthuridae, Balistidae, Monocanthidae, and Ostraciidae. Most fish species for which there are IUCN assessments were in the Least Concern category. Howe...

Mohammad Matiur Rahman, and Mohammad Matiur Rahman, and Akira eInoue, and Takao eOjima

The common sea hare Aplysia kurodai is known to be a good source for the enzymes degrading seaweed polysaccharides. Recently four cellulases, i.e., 95 kDa, 66 kDa, 45 kDa and 21 kDa enzymes, were isolated from A. kurodai (Tsuji et al., PLoS ONE, 8, e65418, 2013). The former three cellulases were regarded as glycosyl-hydrolase-family 9 (GHF9) enzymes, while the 21 kDa cellulase was suggested to be a GHF45 enzyme. The 21 kDa cellulase was significantly heat stable, and appeared to be advantageous ...

Peter Michael Kreuzer, and Michael eLandgrebe, and Oliver eHusser, and Markus eResch, and Martin eSchecklmann, and Florian eGeisreiter, and Timm B Poeppl, and Sarah Julia Prasser, and Goeran eHajak, and Goeran eHajak, and Berthold eLangguth

Abstract BACKGROUND: Vagus nerve stimulation has been successfully used as a treatment strategy for epilepsy and affective disorders for years. Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) is a new non-invasive method to stimulate the vagus nerve, which has been shown to modulate neuronal activity in distinct brain areas. OBJECTIVES: Here we report effects of tVNS on cardiac function from a pilot study, which was conducted to evaluate the feasibility and safety of tVNS for the treatment of chro...

B. Gantt, and M. S. Johnson, and M. Crippa, and A. S. H. Prévôt, and N. Meskhidze

Marine-sourced organic aerosols (MOAs) have been shown to play an important role in tropospheric chemistry by impacting surface mass, cloud condensation nuclei, and ice nuclei concentrations over remote marine and coastal regions. In this work, an online marine primary organic aerosol emission parameterization, designed to be used for both global and regional models, was implemented into the GEOS-Chem (Global Earth Observing System Chemistry) model. The implemented emission scheme improved the ...

Svetlana eErmakova, and Mikhail eKusaykin, and Antonio eTrincone, and Zvyagintseva eTatiana

Yousri M.A. Welaya, and Maged M. Abdel Naby, and Mina Y. Tadros

The ship recycling industry is growing rapidly. It is estimated that the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) decision to phase-out single hull tankers by 2015 will result in hundreds of ships requiring disposal. At present, the ship recycling industry is predominantly based in South Asia. Due to the bad practice of current scrapping procedure, the paper will highlight the harm occurring to health, safety and environment. The efforts of the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) w...

AKM Rohul Amin, and Feng Gao, and Nurhidayu Al-saari, and Pedro Milet Meirelles, and Yohei Yamazaki, and Sayaka Mino, and Fabiano Thompson, and Toko Sawabe, and Tomoo Sawabe

Coral reefs perform a major role in regulating marine biodiversity and serve as hotspot for highly dynamic and diverse microbiomes as holobionts. Corals around Ishigaki, however, are at risk due to tremendous stressors including elevation of seawater temperature, eutrophication and so on. However, no information is currently available on how Vibrio diversity fluctuates spatially and temporally due to environmental determinants in Ishigaki coral reef ecosystems. The aim of this study is to elucid...

CC Lin, and R Ritch, and SM Lin, and M-H Ni, and Y-C Chang, and YL Lu, and HJ Lai, and F-H Lin

The purpose of this study is to develop a novel scaffold, derived from fish scales, as an alternative functional material with sufficient mechanical strength for corneal regenerative applications. Fish scales, which are usually considered as marine wastes, were acellularized, decalcified and fabricated into collagen scaffolds. The microstructure of the acellularized scaffold was imaged by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The acellularization and decalcification treatments did not affect the n...

GVA Stadelmann

It is a clinical challenge to obtain a sufficient orthopaedic implant fixation in weak osteoporotic bone. When the primary implant fixation is poor, micromotions occur at the bone-implant interface, activating osteoclasts, which leads to implant loosening. Bisphosphonate can be used to prevent the osteoclastic response, but when administered systemically its bioavailability is low and the time it takes for the drug to reach the periprosthetic bone may be a limiting factor. Recent data has shown ...

G V Sowmya, and B N Padmavathi, and Mohitpal Singh, and Prashant Nahar

Background: Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) are defined as nucleolar components containing a set of argyrophilic proteins, which are selectively stained by silver methods- After silver-staining, the NORs can be easily identified as black dots exclusively localized throughout the nucleolar area and are called AgNORs. AgNORs have been used to assess biologic aggressiveness of lesions, such as smokers, submucous fibrosis and squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity. Materials and methods: The stu...

Rosa Maria Dias, and Jean Carlo Gonçalves Ortega, and Luiz Carlos Gomes, and Angelo Antonio Agostinho

ABSTRACT. The relationships between the degree of dietary overlap and food availability, and implications for food selectivity of fish species were evaluated at floodplain lakes on the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. The hypothesis tested were: i) species become less selective in lakes with high availability of food resources; and ii) species (interspecific) or individual (intraspecific) present higher food overlap in conditions of high availability of food resources. In general, with the...

Angelo Antonio Agostinho, and Carlos Sergio Agostinho, and Fernando Mayer Pelicice, and Elineide Eugênio Marques

Fish ladders are a strategy for conserving biodiversity, as they can provide connectivity between fragmented habitats and reduce predation on shoals that accumulate immediately below dams. Although the impact of predation downstream of reservoirs has been investigated, especially in juvenile salmonids during their downstream movements, nothing is known about predation on Neotropical fish in the attraction and containment areas commonly found in translocation facilities. This study analysed preda...

Ricardo M. C. Castro, and Alexandre C. Ribeiro, and Ricardo C. Benine, and Alex L. A. Melo

A new genus and species of glandulocaudine, Lophiobrycon weitzmani, is described based on specimens collected in headwater tributary streams of the rio Grande, upper rio Paraná system, State of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. The inclusion of the new species in the phylogeny of the subfamily Glandulocaudinae proposed by Weitzman & Menezes (1998), reveals a sister group relationship between the new genus and the monophyletic group composed of Glandulocauda and Mimagoniates that currently form ...

Kristin Silfvernagel, and Malin Gren-Landell, and Marie Emanuelsson, and Per Carlbring, and Gerhard Andersson

This is the first study of adolescents suffering from anxiety disorder in Sweden to receive individually tailored internet-based treatment within a child and adolescent psychiatric clinic. The primary aim of this effectiveness study was to examine the effects of tailored internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for adolescents. 11 adolescents, aged 15-19 years, were allocated to treatment after assessment. Screening consisted of online questionnaires followed by a diagnostic face-to-face inter...

J. Piazzola, and J. Piazzola, and P. Forget, and S. Despiau

This paper presents a sea spray generation function for aerosols produced by bubbles bursting that accounts for the effects of fetch. This is achieved by introducing a fetch-dependent model for the whitecap fraction, which is valid for fetch-limited conditions, i.e. steady-state conditions of the wave field in the whitecap droplet flux derived by Monahan et al. (1986). The aerosol generation fluxes calculated by this method show an enhancement of the aerosol production with increas...

Sandra Lage, and Pedro Reis Costa

This study reports the accumulation of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) over a bloom of the toxigenic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. High levels of toxins, up to 4800 μg STXeq kg–1, were registered at the peak of the bloom (5.0 103 cells l–1). The suite of individual PSTs was examined. Decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX) and B1 constituted nearly 90% of toxins (on a molar basis) determined in mackerel. This profile of toxins markedly differs from...

Qixiang Fan, and Hongbing Zhu, and Jun Geng

The construction of the double-lane five-step ship lock of the Three Gorges Project (TGP) was commenced in 1994, the excavation of the ship lock was completed by the end of 1999, and the ship lock was put in operation in June 2003. The side slopes of the ship lock are characterized by great height (170 m), steepness (70 m in height of upright slope), and great length (over 7000 m in total length). In association with the ship lock, the surrounding rocks in slope have a high potential to deform, ...

Seung-Soo Na, and Dale G. Karr

It is necessary to develop an efficient optimization technique to perform optimum designs which have given design spaces, discrete design values and several design goals. As optimization techniques, direct search method and stochastic search method are widely used in designing of ship structures. The merit of the direct search method is to search the optimum points rapidly by considering the search direction, step size and convergence limit. And the merit of the stochastic search method is to ob...

Clara eConde-Ruiz, and Inga-Catalina eCruz Benedetti, and Isabelle eGuillebert, and Karine Genevieve Portier, and Karine Genevieve Portier

This prospective blinded randomized study aimed to determine whether the timing of morphine and phenylbutazone administration affects the breathing response to skin incision, recovery quality, behavior and cardiorespiratory variables in horses undergoing fetlock arthroscopy.Ten Standardbred horses were premedicated with acepromazine (0.04 mg kg-1 IM) and romifidine (0.04 mg kg-1 IV). Anesthesia was induced with diazepam (0.05 mg kg-1) and ketamine (2.2 mg kg-1) IV at T0. Horses in group PRE (n =...

Rupesh Baloo Daya, and Maurice A Kibel, and Richard Denys Pitcher, and Lesley Workman, and Tania S Douglas, and Virginia Sanders

ABSTRACT Background: Chest radiography accounts for a significant proportion of ionising radiation in children. The radiation dose of radiographs performed on the Lodox Statscan system has been shown to be lower than that of a computed radiography (CR) system. The role of the Lodox Statscan (hereafter referred to as the Statscan) in routine erect chest radiography in children has not been evaluated. Objective: To evaluate the image quality and diagnostic accuracy of erect paediatric che...

Mario Diaz, and Rosa Dopido, and Tomas Gomez, and Covadonga Rodriguez

We have analyzed the effects of different native membrane lipid composition on the thermodynamic properties of the Na+-K+-ATPase in different epithelia from the gilthead seabream Sparus aurata. Thermodynamic parameters of activation for the Na+-K+-ATPase, as well as contents of lipid classes and fatty acids from polar lipids were determined for gill epithelia and enterocytes isolated from pyloric caeca, anterior intestine and posterior intestine. Arrhenius analyses of control animals revealed d...

V. SOROCOVSCHI

After a brief characterization of the two components of coastal and oceanic risk, the criteria and objectives pursued in the oceanographic hazard classification are dealt with. In this respect, the criteria used in the classification of water risk phenomena and processes in coastal areas (genetic, spatial, temporal, way of manifestation, nature of phenomena and processes, degree of impact, effects and their perception). Based on a number of criteria (genetic, spatial, temporal and way of manifes...

Kwang-Jun Paik, and Hyung-Gil Park, and Jongsoo Seo

Simulations of cavitation flow and hull pressure fluctuation for a marine propeller operating behind a hull using the unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS) are presented. A full hull body submerged under the free surface is modeled in the computational domain to simulate directly the wake field of the ship at the propeller plane. Simulations are performed in design and ballast draught conditions to study the effect of cavitation number. And two propellers with slightly differ...

Tavis K. Anderson, and Michael V.K. Sukhdeo

The establishment of parasites with complex life cycles is generally thought to be regulated by free-living species richness and the stability of local ecological interactions. In this study, we test the prediction that stable host communities are prerequisite for the establishment of complex multi-host parasite life cycles. The colonization of naïve killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, by parasites was investigated in 4 salt marsh sites that differed in time since major ecological restoration, and...

Yoana del Pilar Ruso, and Just T. Bayle-Sempere

Habitat complexity is a strong determinant of fish assemblage structure. Enhanced food resources and protection from predators are generally considered the main benefits of vegetated areas. We investigated the diel and vertical movements of preflexion fish larvae within and above the leaf canopy of Posidonia oceanica to determine if it acts as an important habitat for larval stage fish. Samples were taken with moored plankton nets during the night and day at two depths (13 and 15 m) over five co...

Huann Carllo Gentil Vasconcelos, and Marcos Tavares-Dias

Host-parasite interactions between crustaceans and six fish species (Psectrogaster falcata, Ageneiosus ucayalensis, Acestrorhynchus falcirostris, Hemiodus unimaculatus, Serrasalmus gibbus and Geophagus proximus) from a reservoir in eastern Amazon, northern Brazil, were investigated. Eight hundred and seventy-eight parasites belonging to three crustacean species, Excorallana berbicensis, Argulus chicomendesi and Ergasilus turucuyus, which parasitized the hosts’ mouth, gills and tegument, were col...

F. I. Ormaza-González, and A. Mora-Cervetto, and R. M. Bermúdez-Martínez

Skipjack (Katsuwunus pelamis), yellow fin (Thunnus albacares) and albacore (Thunnus alulunga) tunas landed in the Eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO) countries and Ecuador were correlated to the Indexes Oceanic El Niño (ONI) and Multivariate Enso Index (MEI). The temporal series 1983–2012, and 1977–1999 (warm Pacific Decadal Oscillation, PDO), and 2000–2012 (cold PDO) were analyzed. Linear correlation showed that at least 11 % of the total landings were associated with the MEI, with a slightly neg...

Namvar F, and Rahman HS, and Mohamad R, and Baharara J, and Mahdavi M, and Amini E, and Chartr, and MS, and Yeap SK

Farideh Namvar,1,2 Heshu Sulaiman Rahman,3,4 Rosfarizan Mohamad,1,5 Javad Baharara,2 Mahnaz Mahdavi,6 Elaheh Amini,7 Max Stanley Chartrand,8 Swee Keong Yeap31Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia; 2Research Center for Animal Development Applied Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran; 3Institute of Bioscience, 4Department of Microbiology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 5Department of Bioproce...

G. O. Kotovska

The paper analyses results of the censuring of whitebaits of different bioecological groups and commercial categories in the Kremenchuk reservoir for the last 50 years. The changes in fish juvenile communities of the Kremenchuk reservoir have been studied.

Mohammad Hadi Abolhasani, and Seyed Abbas Hosseini, and Rasool Ghorbani, and Seyyed Morteza Hoseini, and Mohammad Sudagar

Fish oil is the important fat source in fish nutrition. High demand for fish oil and low global supply arise a need of alternative oils in fish culture. Plant oils are a good candidate in this case. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of fish oil and linseed oil on growth and stress resistance of tiger barb (Puntius tetrazona) larvae. Artemia nauplii were enriched by 2.5, 5 and 7.5 of each oil. The enriched nauplii were offered to larvae for 14 d. thereafter, fish were fed n...

P.D. Nichols, and B. Glencross, and J.P. Petrie, and S.P. Singh

Matilde Zamboni, and Maria Grazia Sibilla, and Roberto Galeotti, and Massimo Pedriali, and Simona Ascanelli

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease and its pathogenesis is still not well understood. Previous studies suggested the possibility of the involvement of vascular system, but, todate, the mesenteric circulation has poor been investigated, especially in complicated CD cases requiring colectomy. We investigated the mesenteric circulation in a case-control pilot study, including 19 controls and 7 patients affected by complicated cases of CD. Cases and controls underwent selec...

Liliana Ayala, and Raúl Sánchez-Scaglioni

The aims of this study is to report some characteristics of fishing trips, effort, catches, fishing areas and bycatch through observations on board and logbooks. 85% of sets were in the first 574 Km of distance from the coast (309 nautical miles). Farthest set was located at 1320 Km (712 nautical miles). A total of 382000 hooks were used to catch Mahi mahi, in 224 sets and 29 fishing trips, 94.6% of catch was Mahi mahi, 2.7% blue shark (Prionace glauca) y 1,3% mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus). Als...

Máire Ní Leathlobhair, and Frances M.D. Gulland, and Elizabeth P. Murchison

Urogenital carcinoma is a highly metastatic cancer affecting California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). The disease has high prevalence amongst stranded animals, and is one of the most commonly observed cancers in wildlife. The genital localisation of primary tumours suggests the possibility that coital transmission of an infectious agent could underlie this disease. Otarine herpesvirus type 1 has been associated with lesions, however a causative role for this virus has not been confirmed. W...

Thomas R. Wood, and Christopher Kelly

There is a current trend in endurance sports to move athletes towards a low-carbohydrate diet or use periods of low carbohydrate consumption to increase both health and performance. As a result, a market is developing for sports supplements to provide nutritional support during training and racing for athletes who follow a low-carbohydrate lifestyle. PHAT FIBRE (PF) is a powdered sports supplement that includes medium-chain triglycerides suspended in a digestion-resistant carbohydrate and is tai...

Gintarė Sauliutė, and Gintaras Svecevičius

Morphological indexes are indicative of toxicant effects in fish. Unfortunately, morphological parameters [gill-, liver-, kidney-, viscero-, etc., somatic indexes and the integrated condition factor (CF)], are usually determined in field studies to assess the general fish condition under effect of multicomponent pollution and did not reflect the effects of specific polluting substances (e.g. heavy metals). The purpose of this study was to experimentally evaluate the effect of priority heavy met...

Kalev Märtens, and Jaak Umborg

This report deals with the project-based learning used by the communication and navigation systems laboratory in teaching aviation engineers.

Mohamed Rahmouni, and Julia Malysheva

An integration algorithm for a strapdown inertial navigation system with optical horizon sensor based on Kalman filtering is presented. It allows the accuracy of the estimation of aircraft motion parameters to be improved. A self-contained horizon recognition algorithm for the video sequence that enables real-time aircraft attitude determination relative to the horizon line is developed. A scaled-down simulation and performance analysis of the operation of the integrated navigation system is ca...

Yi-Chen Lee, and Hsien-Feng Kung, and Chun-Yung Huang, and Tzou-Chi Huang, and Yung-Hsiang Tsai

Bacillus polymyxa D05-1, isolated from salted fish product and possessing amine degrading activity, was used as a starter culture in salted fish fermentation in this study. Fermentation was held at 35°C for 120 days. The water activity in control samples (without starter culture) and inoculated samples (inoculated with B. polymyxa D05-1) remained constant throughout fermentation, whereas the pH value rose slightly during fermentation. Salt contents in both samples were constant in the range of 1...

Jerry R. Miller

The Upper Little Tennessee River (ULTR) possesses one of the most diverse assemblages of aquatic biota in North America, including the endangered Appalachian elktoe mussel (<em>Alasmidonta raveneliana</em>). Populations of the Appalachian elktoe significantly declined along with other species following an extreme flood in 2004. This paper examines the potential role that four toxic trace metals (Cu, Cr, Ni, and Zn) played in the population declines. Dissolved and total-recoverable concentrations...