Rael Horwitz, and Matthew D. Jackson, and Suzanne C. Mills

Ocean warming represents a major threat to marine biota worldwide, and forecasting ecological ramifications is a high priority as atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions continue to rise. Fitness of marine species relies critically on early developmental and reproductive stages, but their sensitivity to environmental stressors may be a bottleneck in future warming oceans. The present study focuses on the tropical sea hare, Stylocheilus striatus (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia), a common species ...

Sarah M. Vargas, and Flávia C.F. Araújo, and Fabrício R. Santos

Five out of the seven recognized species of sea turtles (Testudines) occur on the Brazilian coast. The Barcode Initiative is an effort to undertake a molecular inventory of Earth biodiversity. Cytochrome Oxidase c subunit I (COI) molecular tags for sea turtle species have not yet been described. In this study, COI sequences for the five species of sea turtles that occur in Brazil were generated. These presented widely divergent haplotypes. All observed values were on the same range as those alre...

R. Sander, and W. C. Keene, and A. A. P. Pszenny, and A. A. P. Pszenny, and R. Arimoto, and G. P. Ayers, and E. Baboukas, and J. M. Cainey, and P. J. Crutzen, and R. A. Duce, and G. Hönninger, and B. J. Huebert, and W. Maenhaut, and N. Mihalopoulos, and V. C. Turekian, and R. Van Dingenen

The cycling of inorganic bromine in the marine boundary layer (mbl) has received increased attention in recent years. Bromide, a constituent of sea water, is injected into the atmosphere in association with sea-salt aerosol by breaking waves on the ocean surface. Measurements reveal that supermicrometer sea-salt aerosol is substantially depleted in bromine (often exceeding 50%) relative to conservative tracers, whereas marine submicrometer aerosol is often enriched in bromine. Model calculat...

Pablo Fierro, and Carlos Bertrán, and Maritza Mercado, and Fernando Peña-Cortés, and Jaime Tapia, and Enrique Hauenstein, and Luciano Caputo, and Luis Vargas-Chacoff

Changes in land use which directly or indirectly affect freshwater fauna constitute one of the principal anthropic factors which have caused world biological diversity to disappear rapidly during recent decades. This fauna includes aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates, organisms presenting temporal and spatial variation due to a variety of factors, one of which is the diverse food resources available in the rivers. To assess the effect of anthropic activities on this fauna, the distribution, abund...

Odalović Oleg, and Joksimović Danilo, and Grekulović Sanja, and Todorović-Drakul Miljana, and Popović Jovan

This paper presents geometrically and physically defined height systems, along with their evaluation by the means of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Global Geopotential Models (GGM). The paper defines ellipsoid heights as an instance of geometrically defined heights; with physically defined heights being represented by definitions of orthometric and normal heights. Methods of normal heights calculation by the means of ellipsoid heights are presented in detail, as...

Gustavo Gonzaga Henry-Silva, and Antonio Fernando Monteiro Camargo, and Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato

Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da proteína bruta e dos aminoácidos de duas espécies de macrófitas aquáticas flutuantes (Eichhornia crassipes e Pistia stratiotes) pela tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) e verificar a qualidade da água dos aquários de digestibilidade em relação às concentrações de nitrogênio e fósforo. Foram elaboradas três rações, marcadas com 0,10% de óxido de cromo-III, sendo uma ração-referência (purificada) e as ...

Mauro Nirchio, and Emanuel Ricardo Monteiro Martinez, and Fausto Foresti, and Claudio Oliveira

Despite their ecological and economical importance, fishes of the family Ariidae are still genetically and cytogenetically poorly studied. Among the 133 known species of ariids, only eight have been karyotyped. Cytogenetic analyses performed on Genidens barbus and Sciades herzbergii revealed that both species have 2n = 56 chromosomes and Cathorops aff. mapale has 2n = 52 chromosomes: Genidens barbus has 10 Metacentrics (M), 14 Submetacentrics (SM), 26 Subtelocentrics (ST), and 6 Acrocentrics (A)...

Bell Manrique Losada, and Jaime Alberto Echeverri Arias, and Francisco Javier Moreno

En el marco de los Sistemas de Recuperación de Información, se ubican los Sistemas de Recuperación de Imágenes, los cuales permiten generar procesos de búsqueda y almacenamiento de recursos por medio de coincidencias por palabras claves u otros métodos en tiempo real. Este tipo de sistemas pueden usar como í ndices, contenido visual de las imágenes como color, textura y brillo, y además combinar diferentes atributos para mejorar los procesos de clasificación y relevancia de los resultados del pr...

Mel Cosentino, and Sue Fisher

Aquatic bushmeat can be defined as the products derived from wild aquatic megafauna (e.g. marine mammals) that are used for human consumption and non-food purposes, including traditional medicine. It is obtained through illegal or unregulated hunts as well as from stranded (dead or alive) and bycaught animals. In most South American and West African countries aquatic mammals are or have been taken for bushmeat, including 33 small cetaceans and all three manatee species. Of these, two cetacean sp...

Bitopan Malakar, and S. Venu, and Chandrakanta Ojha, and B. Santhosh Ram, and Nitul Kumar Gogoi, and Raj Kiran Lakra, and Ganesh Basumatary, and Liju Thomas, and Rahul Nagesh

<p>This study reports opportunistic sightings of marine mammals between August 2013 and January 2014 in the Andaman region.  Seven sightings were recorded during this period out of which one was of a Dugong, which is significant considering its small population size in India and limited data on its distribution and abundance.  The rest were 24 dolphins (<em>Tursiops</em> sp.).  Four sightings were of the same pod of dolphins on different days at the same location.  Two sightings occurred during ...

Md. Yeamin Hossain, and Md. Alomgir Hossen, and Md. Mahmudul Islam, and Md. Nasir Uddin Pramanik, and Fairuz Nawer, and Alok Kumar Paul, and H.M. Adnan Hameed, and Md. Mosaddequr Rahman, and Gitartha Kaushik, and Sabitry Bardoloi

The biometric indices and size at first sexual maturity of eight alien fish species from several water bodies in Bangladesh were studied for the first time. A total of 273 individuals of eight alien fish species (Barbonymus gonionotus, Clarias gariepinus, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, H. nobilis, Oreochromis niloticus and Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) were collected using traditional fishing gears from June 2014 to May 2015. Among the four condition factor...

Dino Miraglia, and Sonia Esposto, and Raffaella Branciari, and Stefania Urbani, and Maurizio Servili, and Simona Perucci, and David Ranucci

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of a phenolic extract from olive vegetation water on fresh salmon steaks stored at 4°C under modified atmosphere. Twenty-four salmon steaks were respectively immersed in solutions of the diluted phenolic extract at 1.5 g/L (A), 3 g/L (B), and water only as a control (CTR), packaged within a protective atmosphere (70% carbon dioxide, 25% nitrogen and 5% oxygen) and then stored at 4°C. After 2 h, and 3 and 6 days of storage, th...

Matthieu Leray, and Christopher P. Meyer, and Suzanne C. Mills

Understanding the role of predators in food webs can be challenging in highly diverse predator/prey systems composed of small cryptic species. DNA based dietary analysis can supplement predator removal experiments and provide high resolution for prey identification. Here we use a metabarcoding approach to provide initial insights into the diet and functional role of coral-dwelling predatory fish feeding on small invertebrates. Fish were collected in Moorea (French Polynesia) where the BIOCODE pr...

Miao Lingjuan, and Shi Jing

In micro-electro-mechanical system based inertial navigation system (MEMS-INS)/global position system (GPS) integrated navigation systems, there exist unknown disturbances and abnormal measurements. In order to obtain high estimation accuracy and enhance detection sensitivity to faults in measurements, this paper deals with the problem of model-based robust estimation (RE) and fault detection (FD). A filter gain matrix and a post-filter are designed to obtain a RE and FD algorithm with current m...

Housila P. Singh, and Vishal Mehta

In this paper we have suggested some improved estimator of parameters of Morgenstern type bivariate logistic distribution (MTBLD) using ranked set sampling. We have shown the superiority of the proposed estimators over Chacko and Thomas (2009) estimators.

E. Georgousopoulou, and N. Naumovski, and D.D. Mellor, and S. Piscopo, and G. Valacchi, and N. Tsakountakis, and A. Zeimbekis, and S. Tyrovolas, and V. Bountziouka, and D. Panagiotakos

Reza Karkhane, and Aliasghar Ahmadraji, and Mohammad Riazi Esfahani, and Ramak Roohipour, and Zahra Alami Harandi, and Alireza Lashay, and Mehdi Sharifzadeh Kermani, and Reza Roozafzoon, and Ahad Khoshzaban

Purpose: To evaluate the frequency of 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of complement factor H (CFH) and LOC387715/ARMS2/HRTA1 and their association with some of the presenting clinical features of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: In this prospective non-comparative case series forty four naïve patients with neovascular AMD were genotyped using sequencing or Sequenom iPLEX technology. Descriptive tests were used for displaying the magnitude of each allele, gen...

Pedro Vélez-Belchí, and Joaquín Tintoré

Simple scaling arguments conclude that the dominant motions in the ocean are horizontal. However, the vertical velocity plays a crucial role, connecting the active upper layer with the deep ocean. Vertical velocities are mostly associated with the existence of non-transient atmospheric wind forcing or with the presence of mesoscale features. The former are the well known upwelling areas, usually found at the eastern side of the oceans and characterised by upward vertical velocities. The latter h...

Andreas eFahlman

G. Wang, and G. Wang, and S. Wang, and Z. Wang, and W. Jing, and W. Jing, and Y. Xu, and Z. Zhang, and E. Tan, and M. Dai, and M. Dai

To investigate variation in nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and silicate in a spring–neap tide in a coral reef system influenced by groundwater discharge, we carried out a time-series observation of these nutrients and ²²⁸Ra, a tracer of groundwater discharge, in the Luhuitou fringing reef at Sanya Bay in the South China Sea. The maximum ²²⁸Ra, 45.3 dpm 100 L⁻¹, appeared at low tide and the minimum, 14.0 dpm 100 L⁻¹, appeared during a flood tide in th...

Alexander А. Cherkasov, and Vladimir B. Karataev

This article focuses on the psychological portrait lower ranks in the Black Sea coastline. Paid attention to the problems of everyday life.

Paulo César Simões-Lopes, and Daniela de Castro Fettuccia

We present a description of the backbone of the marine tucuzi (Sotalia guianensis ) vertebrae (n= 34), including the variations in the vertebral formula (n= 32)(UFSC- Universidade Federal de Santa catarina): Ce7, T12,L10-12,Ca23-25= 52-56. Species diagnostic characters and intraspecific variations are presented. Cervical ribs occur in 22.5% of the samples. The metapophyses start from the fourth thoracic vertebra, and the zigapophyses start at the cervical level, being observed up to T11. The inc...

Carlos H. A. Farias, and Pedro D. Fernandes, and José Dantas Neto, and Hans R. Gheyi

Esta pesquisa foi conduzida em área experimental da Fazenda Capim II, localizada no Município de Capim - PB, com o intuito de determinar a eficiência no uso da água (EUA) pela cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.), cultivar SP 79-1011. O delineamento experimental consistiu em blocos casualizados, com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 5 x 5. Os tratamentos referentes à lâmina de irrigação foram: sequeiro; 25; 50; 75 e 100% da ETc (1.026,57 mm) com as respectivas precipitações efetivas de 7...

V. Novikov, and Y. Korsuk, and L. Shipulina

Background: The nature of the relations between group members is a very important part of the integrity of the logistics process. The identification of rating among the participants is certainly the most necessary condition for the quality of the logistics process. It can distinguished four types of emergence rating: direct participation rating, direct impact rating, participation rating and impact rating. The aim of this paper was to create the method to determine the mutual relationships amo...

Richard M. Starr, and Kristen Green, and Enric Sala

The deepwater faunas of oceanic islands and seamounts of the Eastern Tropical Pacific are poorly known. From 11-22 September 2009 we conducted an exploration of the deepwater areas of the Isla del Coco Marine Conservation Area, Costa Rica and a nearby seamount using a manned submersible. The goal of the exploration was to characterize the habitats and biota, and conduct quantitative surveys of the deepwater portions of Isla del Coco National Park and Las Gemelas Seamount, located about 50km sout...

Celia Regina de Gouveia SOUZA, and Felipe de Araujo PINTO-SOBRINHO

As Florestas Paludosas costeiras ou “caxetais” ocorrem no Domínio Atlântico, em geral associadas a depressões paleolagunares, cujos terrenos são permanentemente encharcados. Essas florestas se caracterizam por apresentar elevada densidade de indivíduos da espécie Tabebuia cassinoides (Lam.) DC., conhecida popularmente por “caxeta”. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido em uma Floresta Paludosa situada na planície costeira do rio Itaguaré, município de Bertioga, Baixada Santista, Estado de São Paul...

José Mauro Sterza, and Luiz Loureiro Fernandes

In order to characterize the zooplankton community at the Vitória Bay estuarine system (Southeastern Brazil), samples were collected in 10 sampling stations during a three-year study (1998-2000), every three months. A total of 64 taxa were identified.Copepoda contributed with the highest species number (49) in the community, especially with Acartia lilljeborgi,Acartia tonsa,Paracalanus parvus,P. quasimodo,Parvocalanus crassirostris,Temora turbinata,Oithona hebes,Oithona oculata and Euterpina acu...

Cristianini T. Bergue, and Abiraman Govindan

The Eocene-Pliocene deep sea ostracodes from the ODP site 744A (Kerguelen Plateau) are herein studied under the taxonomic and paleoecologic aspects. 28 species are identified, being the genera Krithe, Cytherella and Dutoitella the most diversified. A faunal threshold was recorded in the Early Oligocene, which is tentatively explained under the knowledge of the paleoceanographical studies carried out not only in the Kerguelen Plateau but also in adjacent areas. The faunal turnover and variations ...

G. H. Gudmundsson

The response of ice streams to ocean tides is investigated. Numerical modelling experiments are conducted using a two-dimensional flow-line model of coupled ice-stream and ice-shelf flow. The model includes all components of the equilibrium equations, and uses a non-linear viscoelastic constitutive equation for ice. Basal sliding is simulated with a Weertman type sliding law where basal sliding is proportional to some power of the basal shear stress. The response of ice-streams to tidal forcing ...

Alexander Tobón-López, and Efraín A Rubio, and Alan Giraldo

Se realizó el análisis taxonómico y estructural de la comunidad íctica del golfo Tribugá zona norte del Pacífico colombiano, a partir de información recopilada mediante diferentes artes de pesca (volantín, espinel, trasmallo, barco arrastrero, arpón, atarraya) e identificación visual con equipo de buceo autónomo. Se registraron 191 especies agrupadas en 21 órdenes y 68 familias. Los artes de pesca utilizados de manera sistemática y consecutiva durante el período de muestreo fueron la línea de ma...

J. Yoo, and D.-Y. Lee, and T.-M. Ha, and Y.-S. Cho, and S.-B. Woo

Recently, tsunami-like sea-level oscillations occurred in a region of the west coast of Korea (i.e. in the eastern part of the Yellow Sea), during a typical rough spring weather episode on 4 May 2008. The analysis of these tsunami-like abnormal waves focuses solely on the videos recorded by a CCTV surveillance system in the directions of the entrance and inside parts of a local coastal pocket beach. Time-series of the vertical and horizontal sea surface oscillations were extracted from the video...

Manikandan eJayapal

Francesc Sarda

A comparative study of the technical characteristics of the Norway lobster fishery in the Mediterranean Sea is presented. The different trawl vessels, trawl gears, trawling manoeuvres, and status of the statistics compiled by the administrations are described. The main conclusions are that catchability has increased with technological advances, official landings statistics are flawed in most of the Mediterranean, and fishing methods differed from country to country.

N. C. Wright, and C. M. Polashenski, and C. M. Polashenski

Snow, ice, and melt ponds cover the surface of the Arctic Ocean in fractions that change throughout the seasons. These surfaces control albedo and exert tremendous influence over the energy balance in the Arctic. Increasingly available meter- to decimeter-scale resolution optical imagery captures the evolution of the ice and ocean surface state visually, but methods for quantifying coverage of key surface types from raw imagery are not yet well established. Here we present an open-source s...

S. H. Kraus, and R. Brandner, and C. Heubeck, and H. W. Kozur, and U. Struck, and C. Korte

The latest Permian mass extinction, the most severe Phanerozoic biotic crisis, is marked by dramatic changes in palaeoenvironments. These changes significantly disrupted the global carbon cycle, reflected by a prominent and well known negative carbon isotope excursion recorded in marine and continental sediments. Carbon isotope trends of bulk carbonate and bulk organic matter in marine deposits of the European Southern Alps near the low-latitude marine event horizon deviate from each other. A po...

María del Carmen Esqueda-González, and Eduardo Ríos-Jara, and Cristian Galván-Villa, and Fabian Rodríguez-Zaragoza

We describe the composition and distribution of bivalve molluscs from the sandy and rocky intertidal and the shallow subtidal environments of Bah&iacute;a de Mazatl&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico. The bivalve fauna of the bay is represented by 89 living species in 28 families, including 37 new records and four range extensions: Lithophaga hastasia, Adula soleniformis, Mactrellona subalata, and Strigilla ervilia. The number of species increases from the upper (44) and lower intertidal (53) to the shallo...

C. Paton-Walsh, and É.-A. Guérette, and D. Kubistin, and R. Humphries, and R. Humphries, and S. R. Wilson, and D. Dominick, and I. Galbally, and I. Galbally, and R. Buchholz, and R. Buchholz, and M. Bhujel, and M. Bhujel, and S. Chambers, and M. Cheng, and M. Cope, and P. Davy, and K. Emmerson, and D. W. T. Griffith, and A. Griffiths, and M. Keywood, and S. Lawson, and S. Molloy, and G. Rea, and G. Rea, and P. Selleck, and X. Shi, and J. Simmons, and V. Velazco

The Measurements of Urban, Marine and Biogenic Air (MUMBA) campaign took place in Wollongong, New South Wales (a small coastal city approximately 80 km south of Sydney, Australia) from 21 December 2012 to 15 February 2013. Like many Australian cities, Wollongong is surrounded by dense eucalyptus forest, so the urban airshed is heavily influenced by biogenic emissions. Instruments were deployed during MUMBA to measure the gaseous and aerosol composition of the atmosphere with the aim of pro...

Marie Zins, and Lisa F Berkman, and Marcel Goldberg

<p><strong>Background:</strong> prospective cohorts represent an essential design for epidemiological studies and allow for the study of the combined effects of lifestyle, environment, genetic predisposition, and other risk factors on a large variety of disease endpoints. The CONSTANCES cohort is intended to provide public health information and to serve as an epidemiological research infrastructure accessible to the epidemiologic research community. Although designed as a “general-purpose” coho...

Lyubov G. Polyakova

The article considers Czech Voluntary Guard formation within Chernomorskaya Gubernia during First World War.

Anitha Alagesan, and Vina Vaswani, and Ravi Vaswani, and Uma Kulkarni

Aim: Despite fixed professional opinion of what might constitute optimal treatment, patients must be informed of the various treatment options available in orthodontics to manage their clinical problem. The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate the knowledge and awareness among practicing orthodontists and patients with regard to informed consent in clinical practice and research. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five orthodontists and 25 patients were enrolled in a questionnaire study...

Lucyna Falkowska

Short-term measurements of nutrient and DOC concentrations and suspended matter (particles, chlorophyll <i>a</i>, phaeophytin, algae and ATP concentrations) carried out in seawater layers of varying thickness (10, 90, 250 &#181;m and the underwater layer - 15 cm depth) in spring form the basis for a discussion of the diurnal fluctuations of nutrient and suspended organic matter concentrations. Quantitative and qualitative differences in the composition of neuston species were recorded in sel...

Jaiswal Ashish, and Shetty Ajoy, and Rajasekaran S

<b>Background:</b> Pedicle screw fixation is the most preferred method of stabilizing unstable spinal fractures. Pedicle screw placement may be difficult in presence of fractured posterior elements, deformed spine, gross instability and spinal pathology. Challenging spine-fracture fixation is defined as the presence of one or more of the following: 1) obscured topographical landmarks as in ankylosing spondylitis, 2) fractures in occipitocervical or cervicothoracic regions and 3) preexisting alt...

D. A. Ford, and K. P. Edwards, and D. Lea, and R. M. Barciela, and M. J. Martin, and J. Demaria

As part of the GlobColour project, daily chlorophyll <i>a</i> observations, derived using remotely sensed ocean colour data from the MERIS, MODIS and SeaWiFS sensors, are produced. The ability of these products to be assimilated into a pre-operational global coupled physical-biogeochemical model has been tested, on both a hindcast and near-real-time basis, and the impact on the system assessed. The assimilation was found to immediately and considerably improve the bias, root mean square error an...

Melissa dos Santos Raymundo, and Paulo Horta, and Roseane Fett

O efeito antioxidante de quatro espécies de algas marinhas do filo Chlorophyta (Codium decorticatum, Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva fasciata e Chaetomorpha anteninna) foi avaliado através da inibição da peroxidação do ácido linoléico em emulsão. Os extratos etéreos e metanólicos, na concentração de 0,01%, foram obtidos por extração seqüencial das biomassas secas. As espécies mais efetivas sobre a peroxidação lipídica foram Enteromorpha intestinalis e Chaetomorpha anteninna, com porcentagens de ...

J. Kortan, and Z. Adámek, and M. Flajšhans, and V. Piačková

The damage to fisheries caused by cormorant predation pressure consists of losses due to direct predation and subsequent indirect losses elicited by cormorant feeding activities resulting in fish wounding and stress. Healed wounds reduce the commercial value of afflicted fish and stress may impact fish body and health condition. Fulton´s condition coefficient (FCC) was calculated for wounded and healthy two-year old carp originating from five South Moravian (Czech Republic) fishponds. Significan...

Irene Aguilar Gallardo, and María Julia Calvo

El objetivo de esta investigación es describir las vivencias del trabajo de buzos mariscadores que viven en caletas de pescadores de las provincias de Llanquihue y Palena y que hubieran tenido un accidente durante la práctica de su oficio, en el contexto de su significado cultural. Para este estudio se utilizó la investigación cualitativa, optando por el método etnográfico de Spradley (1979-1980). La recolección de los datos se realizó mediante la Observación Participante y la Entrevista Etnográ...

John Hedgepeth, and Vincent F Gallucci, and Jorge Campos, and Moises Mug

A stratified sampling design was used for a hydroacoustic survey of the inner parts of the Gulf of Nicoya in 1987 and 1988. The bottom topography of the inner Gulf was modeled by introducing the concept of a topographical basin model, as the basis for the projection of the sample survey estimates to the entire inner gulf. The bottom depth contours and volumes for the basin model were constructed from nautical charts. The estimates of sample abundance were made for the fish in the inner Gulf usin...

Scott W. Keith, and David B Allison

This paper details the design, evaluation, and implementation of a framework for detecting and modeling nonlinearity between a binary outcome and a continuous predictor variable adjusted for covariates in complex samples. The framework provides familiar-looking parameterizations of output in terms of linear slope coefficients and odds ratios. Estimation methods focus on maximum likelihood optimization of piecewise linear free-knot splines formulated as B-splines. Correctly specifying the optimal...

C. G. Piecuch, and K. J. Quinn

Previous studies show that nonseasonal variations in global-mean sea level (GMSL) are significantly correlated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, it has remained unclear to what extent these ENSO-related GMSL fluctuations correspond to steric (i.e., density) or barystatic (mass) effects. Here we diagnose the GMSL budget for ENSO events observationally using data from profiling floats, satellite gravimetry, and radar altimetry during 2005–2015. Steric and barystatic effects make c...

C. R. Löscher, and M. A. Fischer, and S. C. Neulinger, and B. Fiedler, and M. Philippi, and F. Schütte, and A. Singh, and H. Hauss, and J. Karstensen, and A. Körtzinger, and S. Künzel, and R. A. Schmitz

The eastern tropical North Atlantic (ETNA) is characterized by a highly productive coastal upwelling system and a moderate oxygen minimum zone with lowest open-ocean oxygen (O₂) concentrations of approximately 40 μmol kg⁻¹. The recent discovery of re-occurring mesoscale eddies with close to anoxic O₂ concentrations (< 1 μmol kg^&minus;1) located just below the mixed layer has challenged our understanding of O₂ distribution and biogeochemical...