Norman Mercado-Silva, and John Lyons, and Edmundo Díaz-Pardo, and Saúl Navarrete, and Altagracia Gutiérrez-Hernández

Using multivariate analyses of fish community and environmental data, we explored associations among 13 fish species and 9 ecological guilds and identified ecological gradients that explain patterns in the fish community of the La Antigua River (Veracruz, Mexico). Altitude, distance to ocean, stream width, and water temperature were the most important variables explaining community composition. Sites with high altitudes (> 1 393 m), cold water (< 17°C), located far from the ocean (> 100 km) and ...

C. Svensson, and C. Svensson, and D. A. Jones, and D. A. Jones

Estuaries around Great Britain may be at heightened risk of flooding because of the simultaneous occurrence of extreme sea surge and river flow, both of which may be caused by mid-latitude cyclones. A measure especially suited for extremes was employed to estimate dependence between river flow and sea surge. To assist in the interpretation of why flow-surge dependence occurs in some areas and not in others, the dependence between precipitation and surge and between precipitation and river flow w...

Kamil eVlček, and Kamil eVlček, and Jan eLaczó, and Jan eLaczó

Although the memory impairment is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), AD has also been characterized by spatial disorientation, which is present from its early stages. Spatial disorientation in AD manifests itself in getting lost in familiar and unfamiliar places and have been characterized more specifically using spatial navigation tests in both real space and virtual environments as an impairment in multiple spatial abilities, including allocentric and egocentric navigation strategies, vis...

A.R. Karbassi, and S. Tajziehchi, and N. Farhang Adib

Estuaries are well known for their potential in removing metal from fresh water to provide micro-nutrients to aquatic life. In the present investigation, we have tried to bring out the metal removal potential of estuaries during accidental spills. For this purpose artificial river water containing high concentration of Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb were mixed with sea water at different salinity regimes. Water samples were taken from a station on the main branch of Tajan River that flows in to the Caspi...

M. Moreau, and T. Corrège, and E. P. Dassié, and F. Le Cornec

<i>Porites</i> coral-based sea surface temperature (SST) reconstructions are obtained from the measurement of skeleton Sr/Ca ratio. However, the influence of salinity in the incorporation of these trace elements in the <i>Porites</i> aragonitic skeleton is still poorly documented. Laboratory experiments indicate that in three different coral species (not including the widely used <i>Porites</i> genus), salinity does not influence the Sr/Ca thermometer. In this study, we test the salinity effect ...

Bradley W. Barr, and Andrew D. Kliskey

“Wilderness” is identified and defined, in large part, as places perceived by people as possessing characteristic qualities and attributes such as remoteness, providing opportunities for solitude, and where the influence of man is not readily apparent. It has been suggested that “wilderness is what people think it is.” To better understand how this idea of wilderness can be most appropriately applied to ocean and coastal waters, a photo-based online survey was conducted, targeting a sample of pr...

Xavier eBailly, and Laurent eLaguerre, and Gaëlle eCorrec, and Sam eDupont, and Thomas eKurth, and Anja ePfannkuchen, and Rudolf eEntzeroth, and Ian eProbert, and Serge eVinogradov, and Christophe eLechauve, and Marie-José eGaret-Delmas, and Heinrich eReichert, and Volker eHartenstein

A remarkable example of biological engineering is the capability of some marine animals to take advantage of photosynthesis by hosting symbiotic algae. This capacity, referred to as photosymbiosis, is based on structural and functional complexes that involve two distantly unrelated organisms. These stable photosymbiotic associations between metazoans and photosynthetic protists play fundamental roles in marine ecology as exemplified by reef communities and their vulnerability to global changes...

Zhao-fan XIA, and Bing MA

Building a powerful navy is the key to safeguarding China's maritime rights and interests and developing maritime strategy. Improving the level and capability of trauma care for naval battle is one of the important tasks for safeguarding naval combat capability and keeping up morale. This paper analyzes the characteristics of naval battle and both the key points and difficulties of medical support under the conditions of modern war, and draws lessons from the experiences of United States navy in...

Józef Szmeja, and Bernard Clement, and Katarzyna Bociąg, and Agnieszka Gałka, and Piotr Skurzyński

Biomass allocation to anchoring structures in 10 species of aquatic macrophytes in two types of the cool and humid temperate climate in Europe, subcontionental (NW Poland) and Atlantic (W France), was examined. The study focused on the weight of anchoring organs in Chara delicatula Ag., Ch. fragilis Desv., Juncus bulbosus L., Littorella uniflora (L.) Asch., Luronium natans (L.) Raf., Potamogeton pectinatus L., P. perfoliatus L., P. natans L. and Ranunculus fluitans (Lam.) Wimm., as well as subme...

Paraguassú Aline R, and Luque José L, and Alves Dimitri R

A new species of Anoplodiscus (Monogenea, Anoplodiscidae), parasitic on gills of the red porgy, Pagrus pagrus, from the coastal zone of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is described and illustrated. The new species can be differentiated from the other species of this genus by the shape of the accessory piece of the copulatory complex, and the length of the vagina. This is the first record of a species of Anoplodiscus in the Neotropical region.

Graça Costa, and Sónia Soares, and Fernando Carvalho, and João Bela

Objective: To study the digenean parasites of the prosobranch gastropods, Littorina littorea (L. littorea) and Gibbula umbilicalis (G. umbilicalis) from rocky shores of the Northern Atlantic coast of Portugal. Methods: A total of 413 L. littorea and 2603 G. umbilicalis were collected from rocky shores, at Aveiro estuary, Aguda Beach, and Foz Beach at Porto (Northern Atlantic coast of Portugal) from January to July 2014 and February 2014 to January 2015, respectively. Gonads and digestive g...

Kashyap KC, and Nissen LM, and Smith SS, and Douglas JA, and Kyle GJ

Krishneeta C Kashyap,1 Lisa M Nissen,1 Simon S Smith,2 James A Douglas,3 Greg J Kyle41School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; 2Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia; 3The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Queensland, Australia; 4School of Pharmacy, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra, AustraliaBackground: When experiencing sleep problems for the first time, consumers...

WS. Smith, and M. Petrere Jr., and W. Barrella

A fish assemblage study was accomplished in different habitats of the Sorocaba River Basin. Fish were caught with gillnets, were weighed (weight total - g) and measured (standard length - mm). Several abiotic variables of selected sampling sites were measured in order to characterise their habitats in order to attempt establishing correlations with fish community traits. Fish numbers per species were adjusted to the lognormal and logseries species/abundance models The fish community totaled 38 s...

Pęczuła Wojciech, and Toporowska Magdalena, and Pawlik-Skowrońska Barbara, and Koreiviene Judita

The effect of the unicellular, bloom-forming alga Gonyostomum semen (Raphidiophyceae) on the survival rate and body size of Daphnia magna was tested under experimental laboratory conditions. Using samples from four humic lakes with a long history of Gonyostomum blooms, we exposed D. magna for 72 h to various Gonyostomum treatments which included homogenized biomass (frozen and fresh), live cell populations as well as lake water separated from the concentrated biomass of live cells. Filtered lake...

Z.S Ferraz Filha, and J. A. Lombardi, and L.S. Guzzo, and D.A. Saúde-Guimarães

The present study aimed to evaluate on Artemia salina the citotoxicity of twenty-two extracts from five species of the genus Lychnophora and one species of the genus Lychnophoriopsis. The extracts solubilized in DMSO and prepared at the final concentrations of 100, 250, 375, 500 and 600 &#956;g mL-1 were added to tubes containing Artemia salina nauplii (10 units each) and filled to 5 mL total volume with artificial salt water. Lapachol and 5% DMSO were used as positive and negative controls, res...

Cristiana Marques de Araujo, and Gustavo Adolfo B. Rando, and Maria Fernanda Z. Mauro, and Salvador A. B. Cristóvão, and Isaac S. Moscoso Sanchez, and Adnan Ali Salman, and João B. de Oliveira Neto, and José Armando Mangione

OBJETIVO: Os excelentes resultados obtidos com os stents eluídos com sirolimus (rapamicina) na prevenção da reestenose motivaram a avaliação de outras substâncias que também apresentassem esta propriedade. O batimastat é um bloqueador de alta eficácia da enzima metaloproteinase, com potencial para reduzir a degradação da matriz extracelular e inibir a migração das células musculares lisas, com conseqüente capacidade de controlar a reestenose coronariana. MÉTODOS: De outubro/2001 a abril/2002, fo...

Maria Verônyca Coelho-Melo, and Maria Izabel Florindo-Guedes, and Sergio Rodriguez-Málaga, and Lia Magalhães de Almeida, and Mariana de Freitas Moreira, and Tatiane Rodrigues de Oliveira

The shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, one of the most important species in world aquaculture, has seriously affected by infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) that causes up to 70% mortalities. With the aim of improving the development of new strategies for rapid and reliable diagnosis, we isolated IMNV, from L. vannamei farmed in Brazil, through a discontinuous sucrose gradient, and sequenced cDNA fragment encoding the major capsid protein from this virus. Nucleotides sequences corresponding to the vir...

Almir Manoel Cunico, and Angelo Antonio Agostinho

The aim of this study was to determine morphological patterns of the most abundant fish species found in reservoirs with different hydraulic retention times and stages of colonization, considering habitat strata and feeding strategies. Samplings were carried out in six Paraná State (Brazil) reservoirs, and morphological data were obtained from 15 individuals of 17 fish species. Ecomorphological attributes that best segregated species, were selected using Discriminant Analysis. These selected att...

Gilda Schmidt

Foram determinadas as velocidades de crescimento e de assimilaçao da diatomácea Phaeodactylum tricornutum, em função da concentração de nitrato e amônia. A fluorescência "in vivo" da cultura foi comparada com o número de células nas culturas crescendo em diferentes concentrações de nitrato e amônia. A velocidade de crescimento foi determinada como clorofila-a sintetizada, número de células no meio de cultura e assimilação de carbono durante a fotossíntese. A velocidade de assimilação de nutrient...

Alberto Rodríguez-Ramírez, and María Catalina Reyes-Nivia, and Sven Zea, and Raúl Navas-Camacho, and Jaime Garzón-Ferreira, and Sonia Bejarano, and Pilar Herrón, and Carlos Orozco

Long-term monitoring data provide a basis to recognize changes in coral reef communities and to implement appropriate management strategies. Unfortunately, coral reef dynamics have been poorly documented at any temporal scale in the Southern Caribbean. Through the "National Monitoring System of Coral Reefs in Colombia" (Spanish acronym: SIMAC), we assessed 32 permanent plots at different depth levels in six reefs areas of the Colombian Caribbean from 1998 to 2004. Temporal trends in coral and al...

Ronaldo Bastos Francini-Filho, and Rodrigo Leão de Moura

Joksimovic Danijela, and Stankovic Slavka

The concentration and accumulation of trace metals (Co, Ni, As, Cd, Pb and Hg) were measured in sea water, sediments and marine organisms in the coastline of the Montenegro. The obtained results of trace metals in seagrass and mussels were compared with those found in the water column and sediment. Sampling was performed in the fall of 2005 at five locations in the Montenegrin coastline, Sveta Stasija, Herceg Novi, Zanjice, Budva and Bar, which present different levels and sources of human...

Chun Lu, and Xiaohua Ding

This article, studies a stochastic logistic model with infinite delay. Using a phase space, we establish sufficient conditions for the extinction, nonpersistence in the mean, weak persistence, and stochastic permanence. A threshold between weak persistence and extinction is obtained. Our results state that different types of environmental noises have different effects on the persistence and extinction, and that the delay has no impact on the persistence and extinction for the stochast...

Z. Lachkar, and N. Gruber

The magnitude of net primary production (NPP) in Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS) is traditionally viewed as directly reflecting the wind-driven upwelling intensity. Yet, different EBUS show different sensitivities of NPP to upwelling-favorable winds (Carr and Kearns, 2003). Here, using a comparative modeling study of the California Current System (California CS) and Canary Current System (Canary CS), we show how physical and environmental factors, such as light, temperature and cross-s...

Raul Emrich Melo, and Todor A Popov, and Dirceu Solé

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a temperatura do ar exalado (TAE), medida por um método não invasivo, é efetiva no monitoramento de pacientes com asma não controlada. MÉTODOS: Estudo piloto com nove pacientes (sete mulheres e dois homens; média de idade: 39 anos) com diagnóstico de asma por pelo menos um ano e sem uso de tratamento de manutenção por pelo menos três meses antes do início do estudo. Na primeira visita, os pacientes foram submetidos à espirometria e à medida da TAE. Todos os pacientes foram o...

Elizabeth O Ogboli-Nwasor, and Sunday E Adaji

Background: Pain relief in labor remains a hot topic and these debates get louder by the day as more women become aware of their rights to better quality of care in labor. This study was conceived in a background where the practice of pain relief in labor is evolving and where women are seeking to fulfill their need for pain-free labor. Objective: To investigate the knowledge, utilization and preferences of methods of pain relief in labor by expectant mothers in order to design a labor analgesia...

C. S. Pontes, and L. C. Marques, and E. R. Andreatta, and R. S. T. Moura, and G. G. Henry-Silva

ABSTRACTIt is generally believed that increasing feeding frequency has immediate benefits, including reduced nutrient leaching and increased shrimp growth. In this context, the aim this work was to evaluate the effect of feeding frequency in growth performance of Farfantepenaeus paulensis. Juveniles of Farfantepenaeus paulensis were grown for 30 days in pen enclosures, at a stocking density of 5 shrimp/m2. The shrimp were fed on feeding trays at a rate of 8% of their biomass per day, with treatm...

A. Montuori, and P. de Ruggiero, and M. Migliaccio, and S. Pierini, and G. Spezie

In this paper, X-band COSMO-SkyMed^© synthetic aperture radar (SAR) wind field retrieval is investigated, and the obtained data are used to force a coastal ocean circulation model. The SAR data set consists of 60 X-band Level 1B Multi-Look Ground Detected ScanSAR Huge Region COSMO-SkyMed^© SAR data, gathered in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea during the summer and winter seasons of 2010. The SAR-based wind vector field estimation is accomplished by resolving both the SAR-based wi...

Murphy BL, and DiPietro NA, and Kier KL

As pharmacists and pharmacy students are increasingly called upon to assume roles in public health activities, it is important to recognize unique opportunities to educate community members on health, wellness, and disease prevention. Objective: To evaluate the impact of a pilot health promotion program on college women’s knowledge regarding folic acid and prevention of neural tube defects (NTD) and frequency of multivitamin use. Methods: A health promotion program was developed by a pharmacy st...

K. Matsumoto, and K. Tokos, and A. Huston, and H. Joy-Warren

Here we describe the second version of Minnesota Earth System Model for Ocean biogeochemistry (MESMO 2), an earth system model of intermediate complexity, which consists of a dynamical ocean, dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice, and energy moisture balanced atmosphere. The new version has more realistic land ice masks and is driven by seasonal winds. A major aim in version 2 is representing the marine silica cycle mechanistically in order to investigate climate-carbon feedbacks involving diatoms, a cr...

Michael J. Wynne

The type specimen of the red alga Alysium holtingii C. Agardh, described from Brazil, is located in the Lund Herbarium, and it is depicted for the first time in a publication. It is taxonomically identical to Dichotomaria obtusata (J. Ellis and Solander) Lamarck and thus can be treated as a later taxonomic synonym. Alysium is regarded as congeneric with Dichotomaria.<br>O espécime tipo da alga vermelha Alysium holtingii C. Agardh, descrito para o Brasil, está localizado no Herbário Lund, e é aqu...

Seyed Ali Akbar Afjeh, and Maryam Darvishi

Market segmentation plays essential role on understanding the behavior of people’s interests in purchasing various products and services through various channels. This paper presents an empirical investigation to shed light on consumer’s purchasing attitude as well as gathering information in multi-channel environment. The proposed study of this paper designed a questionnaire and distributed it among 800 people who were at least 18 years of age and had some experiences on purchasing goods and se...

Cynthia Arcoverde, and Andrea Deslandes, and Helena Moraes, and Cloyra Almeida, and Narahyana Bom de Araujo, and Paulo Eduardo Vasques, and Heitor Silveira, and Jerson Laks

Objective To assess the effect of aerobic exercise on the cognition and functional capacity in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Method Elderly (n=20) with mild dementia (NINCDS-ADRDA/CDR1) were randomly assigned to an exercise group (EG) on a treadmill (30 minutes, twice a week and moderate intensity of 60% VO2max) and control group (GC) 10 patients. The primary outcome measure was the cognitive function using Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG). Specifics instruments were also applied ...

S. Blaise, and E. Deleersnijder

A new parameterisation of horizontal density gradient for a one-dimensional water column estuarine model, inspired by the first-order finite-difference upwind scheme, is presented. This parameterisation prevents stratification from growing indefinitely, a deficiency usually referred to as &quot;runaway stratification&quot;. It is seen that, using this upwind-like parameterisation, the salinity must remain comprised between upper and lower bounds set a priori and that any initial over- or under-s...

Heath Folpp, and Michael Lowry, and Marcus Gregson, and Iain M. Suthers

Despite the long history of the development of artificial structures in NSW estuaries there are no studies that provide any comprehensive scientific evaluation of post-deployment goals. We assessed the effectiveness of estuarine artificial reefs as a fisheries enhancement initiative; described the diversity and abundance of species associated with them, and detailed the patterns of colonization and community development associated with an artificial reef deployment in Lake Macquarie, a large coa...

T. Stipa, and J. Kukkonen, and J. Kalli, and H. Pettersson, and A. Brink, and J.-P. Jalkanen

A method is presented for the evaluation of the exhaust emissions of marine traffic, based on the messages provided by the Automatic Identification System (AIS), which enable the identification and location determination of ships. The use of the AIS data facilitates the positioning of ship emissions with a high spatial resolution, which is limited only by the inaccuracies of the Global Positioning System (typically a few metres) that is used in vessel navigation. The emissions are computed based...

Pablo Pita, and Juan Freire

Recreational fishers are increasingly competing for space and resources with commercial fishers worldwide, but have been poorly studied. In particular, the impacts of spearfishing competitions on the temperate fish assemblages have seldom been analysed. In Galicia (NW Spain), there are currently 5000 spear fishers, and 500 of them participate in spearfishing competitions. An historic archive of spearfishing competitions was used to assess their influence on the subsequent competitions in the are...

Erman Aminullah, and Trina Fizzanty, and Karlina Sari, and Rizka Rahmaida, and Qinan Maulana Binu Susanto

This paper intends to reveal the interactive learning for upgrading and growth in Indonesian fishery firms. The main question is how learning and innovation have occurred in Indonesian fishery firms. The study was conducted in two categories of fishery firms: fish processing and aquaculture (shrimp). The interfirm interactions contain knowledge flows and feedback in local production network involving local suppliers and foreign buyers. The study found that the model of interactive learning for u...

Adriana Rebolledo, and Ingo Wehrtmann, and Darryl Felder, and Fernando Mantelatto

Caridean shrimps of the genus Synalpheus are abundant and widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, but knowledge of their reproductive biology remains scarce. We report reproductive traits of Synalpheus apioceros from Bocas del Toro, Panama, based on collections in August 2011. The 46 ovigerous females that were analyzed ranged in size from 3.8 to 7.4 mm in carapace length. Fecundity varied between 8 and 310 embryos and increased with female size. Females invested 18.6 ± 10.3% of ...

Johnson Francis, and Sven Reek

It is well established that implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is a life saving device ensuring protection against life threatening ventricular arrhythmias. But there are certain situations like a recent myocardial infarction where the standard guidelines do not recommend the implantation of an ICD while the patient can still be at a risk of demise due to a life threatening ventricular arrhythmia. There could also be a temporary indication for protection while explanting an infected IC...

Ioannis S. Boziaris

Marine environment disposes a plethora of bioactive compounds with unique properties and remarkable potential for biotechnological applications. A lot of those compounds can be used by the food industry as natural preservatives, pigments, stabilizers, gelling agents, etc., while others exhibits beneficial effects and can be used as functional food ingredients, nutraceuticals, dietary supplements and prebiotics. Interdisciplinary approach is required to increase our knowledge, explore the potenti...

Eva García-Seoane

Fish assemblages of Ria de Aveiro coastal lagoon (Northwest Portugal) were studied from February 2012 and January 2013. Sampling were monthly conducted with a traditional beach-seine net (“chincha”) at 9 sites. Multivariate approach were used in order to analyse the spatial and temporal variation in fish community. A total of 58,201 fishes, weighting 249,540 g, were identified, representing 37 taxa and 21 families. Four taxa (Atherina spp., Dicentrarchus labrax, Liza spp., and Sardina pilchardus...

Shannon R. Bowling, and Mohammad T. Khasawneh, and Sittichai Kaewkuekool, and Byung Rae Cho

This paper develops a logistic approximation to the cumulative normal distribution. Although the literature contains a vast collection of approximate functions for the normal distribution, they are very complicated, not very accurate, or valid for only a limited range. This paper proposes an enhanced approximate function. When comparing the proposed function to other approximations studied in the literature, it can be observed that the proposed logistic approximation has a simpler functional for...

Mina Sattar, and Fahimeh Esfarjani, and Maryam Nezakat-Alhosseini, and Laleh Kordavani

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Hilario Casado Alonso

This paper studies the trading networks established between New Spain and Castileduring the age of Philip II. Our starting point is a documentary database of more than 200 maritime insurance policies related to this trade, kept in the Burgos Consulate Archive, and covering the period between 1565 and 1586. Historians have never used these documents to study the Carrera de Indias [the colonial convoy system], even thoughBurgos was at the time the insurance center for the Spanish and Portuguese tr...

E. D. Crook, and H. Cooper, and D. C. Potts, and T. Lambert, and A. Paytan

Ocean acidification, the assimilation of atmospheric CO₂ by the oceans that decreases the pH and CaCO₃ saturation state (&Omega;) of seawater, is projected to have severe adverse consequences for calcifying organisms. While strong evidence suggests calcification by tropical reef-building corals containing algal symbionts (zooxanthellae) will decline over the next century, likely responses of azooxanthellate corals to ocean acidification are less well understood. Because azo...

Lucyna Mirosława Falkowska, and Anita Urszula Lewandowska

During five campaigns at sea and 11 on land in 2001-2007, aerosols were measured in the coastal zone and over the open sea in the Gdańsk Basin (southern Baltic). Sea salt concentrations were high both over Gdynia (2.0-12.2 µg m-3) and at sea (1.3-14.5 µg m-3). The intensity of the generation and transport of marine aerosols increased exponentially with wind speeds > 5 m s^-1 over land and > 3 m s^-1 over the Gulf of Gdańsk, this being most noticeable with Baltic and oceanic a...

Ivanović Jelena, and Baltić Milan Ž., and Janjić Jelena, and Marković Radmila, and Bošković Marija, and Đorđević Vesna, and Dokmanović Marija

Fish represents a significant source of animal proteins in the diet of people in a large part of the world. The market in Serbia is supplied from its own production (carp and trout fish ponds) and catch from open waters. However, the largest part of the fish on the market is imported. Average area under carp fish ponds from 2006. to 2012. was 8,417 hektars, and under trout fish ponds was 49,900 square meters. Average annual production of carp fish species in this period was 7,2...

RADOMIR KAPETANOVIC, and DUSAN SLADIC, and SIMEON POPO, and MARIO ZLATOVIC, and ZORAN KLJAJIC, and MIROSLAV J. GASIC

The sterol composition of two green algae and two brown algae from the South Adriatic was determined. In the green alga Ulva lactuca, the principal sterols were cholesterol and isofucosterol. In the brown alga Cystoseira adriatica, the main sterols were cholesterol and stigmast-5-en-3ß-ol, while the characteristic sterol of the brown algae, fucosterol, was found only in low concentration. The sterol fractions of the green alga Codium dichotomum and the brown alga Fucus virsoides contained practi...

Chan AW, and Yu DS, and Choi KC

Aileen WK Chan, Doris SF Yu, KC Choi The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR Purpose: To test the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of a tai chi qigong program with the assistance of elderly neighborhood volunteers in strengthening social networks and enhancing the psychosocial well-being of hidden elderly. Patients and methods: &ldquo;Hidden elderly&rdquo; is a term used to describe older adults who are soci...