Claudia eDziallas, and Martin eAllgaier, and Michael T. Monaghan, and Hans-Peter eGrossart

Mutual interactions in form of symbioses can increase the fitness of organisms and provide them with the capacity to occupy new ecological niches. The formation of obligate symbioses allows for rapid evolution of new life forms including multitrophic consortia. Microbes are important components of many known endosymbioses and their short generation times and strong potential for genetic exchange may be important drivers of speciation. Hosts provide endo- and ectosymbionts with stable, nutrient-r...

L. T. Kell, and D. J. Die, and V. R. Restrepo, and J. M. Fromentin, and V. Ortiz de Zarate, and P. Pallares

International agreements for the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) convention area imply that Atlantic tuna stocks should be managed by strategies based on maximum sustainable yield (MSY); however, there is concern whether this will actually ensure sustainability with sufficiently high probability consistent with the principals of the precautionary approach. Therefore, the performance of MSY management strategies based on current assessment procedures was ev...

H. Goosse, and V. Zunz

The large natural variability of the Antarctic sea ice is a key characteristic of the system that might be responsible for the small positive trend in sea ice extent observed since 1979. In order to gain insight of the processes responsible for this variability, we have analysed in a control simulation performed with a coupled climate model a positive ice–ocean feedback that amplifies sea ice variations. When sea ice concentration increases in a region, in particular close to the ice edge, the m...

Rahul Pandey, and Asir John Samuel, and Vencita Priyanka Aranha, and Anamika Pandey, and Kanimozhi Narkeesh

Purpose: One of the major causes of blindness is Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and it has only surgical treatment and lifelong use of medication. Hence many side effects arise. To overcome this, the drugless approach is in practice but the importance of Muscle Energy Technique (MET) and Myofacial (MFR) Release is not explored. Hence, our objective was to determine the effectiveness of MET and MFR on POAG. Methods: A total of 12 patients with POAG were recruited from the tertiary care teachi...

Briand C., and Sauvaget B., and Girard P., and Fatin D., and Beaulaton L.

Post fishing mortality of the glass eel was monitored in 2007 in the Vilaine estuary. The mortality of the glass eels varied from 2 to 82% (mean 42%) in the two days following the fishing. The mortality of samples collected by hand nets or from the trapping ladder was null. Alterations of the skin mucus were analyzed by the use of Indigo carmine. The mortality was significantly correlated with body injuries, but not to other environmental ...

Elias de Barros Santos, and Eunice Fragoso da Silva Vieira, and Antonio Reinaldo Cestari, and Ledjane Silva Barreto

<abstract language="eng">Characterization of fish scales of Leporinus elongatus and their application in the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions are described. It was observed that the scales are mainly formed by hydroxyapatite and type I collagen. Adsorption of Cu(II) was performed using batch experiments at 25 0C. The ANOVA statistical results have shown that the Langmuir model was successful applied to determine the maximum adsorption capacity of 2.686 x10-4 mol g-1 and the Langmuir equi...

Parthasarathi Bhattacharyya, and Dipanjan Saha, and Partha Bhattacharjee, and Rantu Paul, and Ratna Dey, and Malabika Ghosh

Thomas Gregor Issac, and S R Chandra, and B C Nagaraju

Context: The diagnostic accuracy of the currently available tools carries poor sensitivity resulting in significant delay in specific diagnosis of cortical dementias. Considering the properties of default mode networking of the brain it is highly probable that specific changes may be seen in frontotemporal dementias (FTDs) and Alzheimer′s disease sufficiently early. Aim: The aim of this study is to look for changes in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in cortical dementia. Materials and Me...

A. Saiz-Lopez, and J. A. Shillito, and H. Coe, and J. M. C. Plane

Time series observations of molecular iodine (I₂), iodine oxides (IO, OIO), bromine oxide (BrO), and the nitrate radical (NO₃) in the mid-latitude coastal marine boundary layer (MBL) are reported. Measurements were made using a new long-path DOAS instrument during a summertime campaign at Mace Head on the <i>B</i>³&Pi;(0⁺_u)-<i>X</i>¹&Sigma;⁺_g electronic transition between 535 and 575 nm. The I₂ mi...

Adriana Barbosa Araújo, and André Henrique Rosa, and Julio Cesar Rocha, and Luciane Pimenta Cruz Romão

<abstract language="eng">In this work the metal distribution and exchange constants between metal species and aquatic humic fractions with different molecular sizes were studied. The aquatic humic substances (AHS) were extracted by XAD-8 resin from water sample collected from Itapitanguí river, São Paulo State, Brazil. The AHS were fractionated in six fractions with different molecular sizes (>100 - <5 kDa) and characterized by several techniques. Molar ratios H/C suggested higher aromaticity fo...

Almoutaz A Eltayeb, and Ibrahim A Ibrahim, and Mohamed B Mohamed

Background: The management of major omphalocoele and large incisional hernias is a common problem and constitutes a great challenge for paediatric surgeons. In most cases, the abdominal cavity is so small and does not allow immediate reduction. Prosthetic materials are becoming increasingly popular for such repair, but direct contact between the bowel and these synthetic materials carries the risk of adhesions and intestinal obstruction. The relatively new PROCEED mesh with absorbable layer in c...

Renata de Carvalho Schettino, and Lícia Maria Garcia Nogueira Jotta, and Geovanni Dantas Cassali

O câncer de mama é a forma de câncer que mais causa mortes entre mulheres no Brasil. O tratamento consiste em intervenção cirúrgica, quimioterapia, hormonioterapia e radioterapia, esta última responsável por uma significativa diminuição na taxa de recorrência local do câncer, mas que pode afetar a função pulmonar. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar alterações pulmonares funcionais decorrentes da radioterapia no tratamento do câncer de mama. Participaram do estudo 10 mulheres submetidas a trata...

Wagner F. Molina, and Pedro M. Galetti-Jr

Cytogenetic studies were done on three Pomacentridae species of the genus Chromis. The karyotype of C. multilineata consisted of 48 acrocentric chromosomes (FN = 48), C. insolata had 2n = 46-47 (3-4M+6SM+36-38A; FN = 56) and C. flavicauda had 2n = 39 (9M+6SM+24A; FN = 54). Robertsonian polymorphisms were detected in C. insolata and C. flavicauda. All three species had small heterochromatic blocks restricted to centromeric regions. Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were detected in the telomeric...

Bag Sumit K, and Dutta Anirban, and Paul Sandip, and Das Sabyasachi, and Dutta Chitra

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The marine cyanobacterium <it>Prochlorococcus marinus</it>, having multiple ecotypes of distinct genotypic/phenotypic traits and being the first documented example of genome shrinkage in free-living organisms, offers an ideal system for studying niche-driven molecular micro-diversity in closely related microbes. The present study, through an extensive comparative analysis of various genomic/proteomic features of 6 high light (HL) and 6 low light (LL) adapted ...

Vuorinen Pekka J, and Afanasyev Sergey, and Koivumäki Paula, and Krasnov Aleksei, and Koskinen Heikki, and Vuori Kristiina AM, and Nikinmaa Mikko

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We have studied alterations of gene expression associated with naturally-occurring early life stage mortality (M74) in Baltic salmon using a cDNA microarray and real time PCR. M74-affected fry have several typical neurological, cardiovascular and pathological symptoms. They are also characterized by low thiamine content and show signs of oxidative stress.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Affected fry can be divided into three major groups with early, intermediate or lat...

Buckley Katherine M, and Miller Chase A, and Easley Rebecca L, and Smith L Courtney

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The immune system of the purple sea urchin, <it>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</it>, is complex and sophisticated. An important component of sea urchin immunity is the <it>Sp185/333 </it>gene family, which is significantly upregulated in immunologically challenged animals. The <it>Sp185/333 </it>genes are less than 2 kb with two exons and are members of a large diverse family composed of greater than 40 genes. The <it>S. purpuratus </it>genome assembly, howeve...

Iagher Fabiola, and Aikawa Julia, and Rocha Ricelli ER, and Machado Juliano, and Kryczyk Marcelo, and Schiessel Dalton, and Borghetti Gina, and Yamaguchi Adriana A, and Pequitto Danielle CT, and Coelho Isabela, and Brito Gleisson AP, and Yamazaki Ricardo K, and Naliwaiko Katya, and Tanhoffer Ricardo A, and Nunes Everson A, and Fernandes Luiz

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Obesity is commonly associated with diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The purpose of this study was to determinate the effect of a lower dose of fish oil supplementation on insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, and muscle metabolism in obese rats.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Monosodium glutamate (MSG) (4 mg/g body weight) was injected in neonatal Wistar male rats. Three-month-old rats were divided in normal-weight control group (C), coconut fat-treated no...

Radoičić Rajka, and Conrad André Marc, and Carras Nicolaos

The Liassic Linoporella buseri is re-examined, on the basis of an abundant material of reefal origin, originating from the newly described type-locality in Slovenia. It is compared with the Berriasian-Valanginian type-species L. capriotica, studied by BARATTOLO & ROMANO (2005). Both species have three orders of laterals. In L. buseri, however, apart of other, clear cut differences, the tertiary laterals are usually hair-like, occasionally phloiophorous at tip, forming a distal cortex such as in ...

Leandra Schuastz BREDA, and Anne Caroline BELUSSO, and Barbara Arruda NOGUEIRA, and Guilherme Holub CAMARGO, and Marina Leite MITTERER-DALTOÉ

Abstract The regular consumption of fish provides health gains for people, and its introduction in school meals is an important strategy to insert the habit of consuming this food by a population. Thus the objective of this study was to verify the acceptance of fish, presented in the form of hamburger, by children in municipal primary schools in the town of Pato Branco, Brazil, in which the school cooks had been trained to produce fish hamburgers. Acceptance was evaluated using a hedonic scale w...

Fernando Zaniolo Gibran, and Rodrigo Leão de Moura

Local assemblages of fishes associated with reefs are influenced by interactions among the availability of larvae and survival of recruits with subsequent biotic and abiotic forcing, as well as by periodic and episodic disturbances of varying natures and magnitudes. Therefore, besides being structurally heterogeneous and patchily distributed, reef systems are strongly context-dependent due to the influence of a broad array of ecological processes. In order to assess interactions of local factors...

LR. Manna, and CF. Rezende, and R. Mazzoni

In this work we aimed to characterise the diet of Astyanax taeniatus (Jenyns 1842) (Characiformes, Characidae) along the Mato Grosso stream and we hypothesised that the diet of this species would vary according to spatial, seasonal and ontogenetic differences. Specimens were collected every second month at three sites with different physical attributes. The feeding habits of 651 specimens were analysed using the Alimentary Index (IAi). Analysis of the diet showed an effect of spatial, temporal a...

Esat Tarık Topkara, and Süleyman Balık

Gerhardt T, and Terjung B, and Knipper P, and Palmedo H, and Woitas RP, and Kalff J, and Sauerbruch T, and Spengler U

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Objectives</p> <p>Chronic kidney disease is frequent in patients after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and has impact on survival. Patients receiving calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) are at increased risk to develop impaired renal function. Early CNI reduction and concomitant use of mycophenolat mofetil (MMF) has been shown to improve renal function.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The aim of this trial was to compare dose-reduced CNI/MMF versus CNI-free MMF/prednisone-based treatmen...

Gun-Woo Oh, and Seok-Chun Ko, and Dong Hee Lee, and Soo-Jin Heo, and Won-Kyo Jung

Abstract Members of the phylum Echinodermata, commonly known as echinoderms, are exclusively marine invertebrates. Among the Echinodermata, sea cucumber belongs to the family Holothuroidea. The sea cucumber Stichopus (Apostichous) japonicus (Selenka) is an invertebrate animal inhabiting the coastal sea around Korean, Japan, China, and Russia. Sea cucumber has a significant commercial value, because it contains valuable nutrients such as vitamins and minerals. They possess a number of distinctive...

Shaker Mohammed

Lia Ferraz de Arruda, and Ricardo Borghesi, and Leandro Portz, and José Eurico Possebon Cyrino, and Marília Oetterer

The objective of this study was to use the residues of fermented sardine to elaborate the acid fish silage and its use in feed for aquaculture. Biological assay was performed by feeding largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fingerlings (initial weight 22g), with extruded diets (41% crude protein; 3,600 kcal/kg digestible energy) containing 0.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, or 15.0% of fish silage in partial substitution to the fish meal. The feed conversion ratio and weight gain for the treatments were: 1...

X. Ma, and K. von Salzen, and J. Li

A size-dependent sea salt aerosol parameterization was developed based on the piecewise log-normal approximation (PLA) for aerosol size distributions. Results of this parameterization from simulations with a global climate model produce good agreement with observations at the surface and for vertically-integrated volume size distributions. The global and annual mean of the sea salt burden is 10.1 mg m^&amp;minus;2. The direct radiative forcing is calculated to be &amp;minus;1.52 and &a...

Anita Urszula Lewandowska, and Lucyna Mirosława Falkowska

In 2001-2007 aerosols were measured in the coastal zone (11 campaigns) and over the open waters of the Gdańsk Basin (southern Baltic) (5 campaigns). The marine aerosols contained nitrogen and sulphur compounds, which increased their acidity. This situation intensified during the cool months of the year, when fossil fuel emissions were higher, proportionate to energy and heat requirements. Irrespective of the season, these acidic aerosols were neutralized in the reaction with sea salt. The likeli...

F. M. S. F. Marques

The magnitude-frequency relationship of sea cliff failures in strong, low retreat rate cliffs, was studied using systematic historical inventories carried out in the coasts of Portugal and Morocco, in different geological and geomorphological settings, covering a wide size scale, from small to comparatively large rockslides, topples and rockfalls, at different time and spatial scales. The magnitude-frequency expressed in terms of volume displaced and of horizontal area lost at the cliff top show...

Y.-C. Chen, and M. W. Christensen, and L. Xue, and A. Sorooshian, and G. L. Stephens, and R. M. Rasmussen, and J. H. Seinfeld

The concept of geoengineering by marine cloud brightening is based on seeding marine stratocumulus clouds with sub-micrometer sea-salt particles to enhance the cloud droplet number concentration and cloud albedo, thereby producing a climate cooling effect. The efficacy of this as a strategy for global cooling rests on the extent to which aerosol-perturbed marine clouds will respond with increased albedo. Ship tracks, quasi-linear cloud features prevalent in oceanic regions impacted by ship exhau...

Tetsutaro Shibata

We consider the nonlinear eigenvalue problems $$displaylines{ -u''(t) + u(t)^p = lambda u(t),cr u(t) > 0, quad t in I := (0, 1), quad u(0) = u(1) = 0, }$$ where $p > 1$ is a constant and $lambda > 0$ is a parameter. This equation is well known as the original logistic equation of population dynamics when $p=2$. We establish the precise asymptotic formula for $L^infty$-norm of the solution $u_lambda$ as $lambda o infty$ when $p=2$ and $p=5$.

Flávio H. Ragonha, and Alice M. Takeda

<p>Sediment of aquatic environments supports several local communities, among them aquatic invertebrates. Habitat structural heterogeneity in sediments of aquatic ecosystems is related to a number of factors, including variability in the particle size of the substrate and availability of different food resources, the two structures that comprise the aquatic sediment. These structures are necessary for the stability of zoobenthic community, including the Oligochaeta assemblage, favoring richness ...

Fred. Idiem' OPUTE

The freshwater zones of the Warri/Forcados Estuaries contain a rich and diverse flora of tropical desmids, which compare favourably and show strong affinities with desmids from other parts of Africa, tropical South America, Southeast Asia, tropical Australia and the Indian sub-continent. In this study, ninety (90) taxa belonging to seventeen (18) elongate baculiform and colonial genera are described. Fifty (50) of the taxa have been described for the first time for Nigeria, while nineteen (19) o...

Jesper GULDBERG HANSEN

Two new marine Tardigrada species are described from the calcareous sediments at the steep slope of the Faroe Bank in the North Atlantic Ocean. Parmursa torquata sp. nov. can be distinguished mainly by small cylindrical secondary clavae, and the presence of caudal and cephalic vesicles, and a large ventral plate. Coronarctus verrucatus sp. nov. is characterised by its unique cuticular sculpture, with numerous small wart-like excrescences, regularly distributed all over the body. These new record...

Pranay Sharma, and Alexey A. Kotov

<p>There are 11 species of genus <em>Chydorus</em> Leach, 1816 (Cladocera: Chydoridae) in Australia, including populations of <em>Chydorus sphaericus </em>(O.F. Müller, 1785) morphologically undistinguishable from European ones. Our genetic study of <em>C. sphaericus</em> from two large artificial water bodies in the Adelaide region of South Australia led us to conclude the taxon was introduced to Australia from Europe by human activity, at least in the two studied water bodies. To provide a com...

Gaël Chételat, and Florence Mézenge, and Clémence Tomadesso, and Brigitte Landeau, and Eider Arenaza-Urquijo, and Géraldine Rauchs, and Claire André, and Robin de Flores, and Stéphanie Egret, and Julie Gonneaud, and Géraldine Poisnel, and Anne Chocat, and Anne Quillard, and Béatrice Desgranges, and Jean-Gérard Bloch, and Matthieu Ricard, and Antoine Lutz

Abstract Aging is associated with progressive cerebral volume and glucose metabolism decreases. Conditions such as stress and sleep difficulties exacerbate these changes and are risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease. Meditation practice, aiming towards stress reduction and emotion regulation, can downregulate these adverse factors. In this pilot study, we explored the possibility that lifelong meditation practice might reduce age-related brain changes by comparing structural MRI and FDG-PET data ...

Hillary Smith, and Hannah Epstein, and Gergely Torda

Abstract Processes of cnidarian evolution, including hybridization and phenotypic plasticity, have complicated the clear diagnosis of species boundaries within the phylum. Pocillopora acuta, a species of scleractinian coral that was recently split from the widespread Pocillopora damicornis species complex, occurs in at least two distinct morphs on the Great Barrier Reef. Contrasting morphology combined with evidence of differential bleaching thresholds among sympatrically distributed colonies su...

Sarah L. Murfitt, and Blake M. Allan, and Alecia Bellgrove, and Alex Rattray, and Mary A. Young, and Daniel Ierodiaconou

Abstract Monitoring of intertidal reefs is traditionally undertaken by on-ground survey methods which have assisted in understanding these complex habitats; however, often only a small spatial footprint of the reef is observed. Recent developments in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide new opportunities for monitoring broad scale coastal ecosystems through the ability to capture centimetre resolution imagery and topographic data not possible with conventional approaches. This study compares ...

Gintautas Žilinskas, and Donatas Pupienis, and Darius Jarmalavičius

An intensive abrasion of the coast of the most popular Lithuanian Palanga health‐resort necessitates consideration of the most effective ways of its stabilization. Based on the data of field investigations and literary sources, the possibilities of Palanga coastal zone regeneration using the sand dredged from the entrance channel of Klaipeda port are considered. Based on the current geodynamic trends of Palanga coastal zone and results obtained by comparative analysis of granulometric compositi...

Lachlan J. McLean, and Steve George, and Daniel Ierodiaconou, and Roger J. Kirkwood, and John P.Y. Arnould

Global warming is leading to many unprecedented changes in the ocean-climate system. Sea levels are rising at an increasing rate and are amplifying the impact of storm surges along coastlines. As variability in the timing and strength of storm surges has been shown to affect pup mortality in the Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus), there is a need to identify the potential impacts of increased sea level and storm surges on the breeding areas of this important marine predator i...

Tumwesigye Nazarius M, and Atuyambe Lynn, and Wanyenze Rhoda K, and Kibira Simon PS, and Li Qing, and Wabwire-Mangen Fred, and Wagner Glenn

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The fishing communities are among population groups that are most at risk of HIV infection, with some studies putting the HIV prevalence at 5 to 10 times higher than in the general population. Alcohol consumption has been identified as one of the major drivers of the sexual risk behaviour in the fishing communities. This paper investigates the relationship between alcohol consumption patterns and risky behaviour in two fishing communities on Lake Victoria.</p...

Gregersen, Ulrik, and Bidstrup, Torben, and Bojesen-Koefoed, Jørgen A., and Christiansen, Flemming G., and Dalhoff, Finn, and Sønderholm, Martin

Flajšhans Martin, and Tolarová Soňa, and Hyršl Pavel, and Morand Serge, and Rohlenová Karolína, and Šimková Andrea

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The basic function of the immune system is to protect an organism against infection in order to minimize the fitness costs of being infected. According to life-history theory, energy resources are in a trade-off between the costly demands of immunity and other physiological demands. Concerning fish, both physiology and immunity are influenced by seasonal changes (i.e. temporal variation) associated to the changes of abiotic factors (such as primarily water te...

Antonio B.S. POLÉO, and Leif Asbjørn VØLLESTAD, and Frode BJERKELY, and Ronny A. ANDERSEN, and Kjartan ØSTBYE, and Sigurd ØXNEVAD, and Espen LYDERSEN

We have tested the influence of water ionic strength on the toxicity of aluminium in fish by comparing the mortality of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr exposed to Al-rich water with additions of Ca2+ or Na+. The fish were exposed in parallel to Al-rich water (Al 500 μg l-1, pH 5.8) under non-steady state conditions, with and without the addition of one of the two base cations. The amount of Na+ and Ca2+ added to the water was calculated in order to obtain an identical increase in water ionic ...

Nobuhito Mori, and Tetsuya Takemi

Tropical cyclones generate severe hazards in the middle latitudes. A brief review and applications of dynamical and statistical downscaling of tropical cyclone (TC) are described targeting extreme storm surge and storm wave hazard assessment. First, a review of the current understanding of the changes in the characteristics of TCs in the past and in the future is shown. Then, a review and ongoing research about impact assessment of tropical cyclones both dynamical downscaling and statistical mod...

Giovanni Benelli, and Stefano Benvenuti, and Pier Luigi Scaramozzino, and Angelo Canale

Abundance and diversity of insect pollinators are declining in many ecosystems worldwide. The abundance and diversity of wild and managed bees are related to the availability of continuous floral resources. In particular, in Mediterranean basin countries, the presence of wildflower spots enhances the establishment of social Apoidea, since coastal regions are usually characterized by pollen and nectar shortage in early spring and late summer. Anthyllis barba-jovis produces both nectar and pollen ...

Andrée-Anne eLedoux, and Patrice eBoyer, and Jennifer L Phillips, and Andra eSmith, and Alain eLabelle, and Veronique D Bohbot

Episodic memory, related to the hippocampus, has been found to be impaired in schizophrenia. Further, hippocampal anomalies have also been observed in schizophrenia. This study investigated whether average hippocampal grey matter (GM) would differentiate performance on a hippocampus-dependent memory task in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Twenty-one patients with schizophrenia and twenty-two control participants were scanned with an MRI while being tested on a wayfinding task ...

B. Thomson, and C. D. Hepburn, and M. Lamare, and F. Baltar, and F. Baltar

Microbial extracellular enzymatic activity (EEA) is the rate-limiting step in the degradation of organic matter in the oceans. These extracellular enzymes exist in two forms: cell-bound, which are attached to the microbial cell wall, and cell-free, which are completely free of the cell. Contrary to previous understanding, cell-free extracellular enzymes make up a substantial proportion of the total marine EEA. Little is known about these abundant cell-free enzymes, including what factors c...

M. Boettle, and D. Rybski, and J. P. Kropp

In contrast to recent advances in projecting sea levels, estimations about the economic impact of sea level rise are vague. Nonetheless, they are of great importance for policy making with regard to adaptation and greenhouse-gas mitigation. Since the damage is mainly caused by extreme events, we propose a stochastic framework to estimate the monetary losses from coastal floods in a confined region. For this purpose, we follow a Peak-over-Threshold approach employing a Poisson point process and t...

J. M. Azevedo Correia de Souza, and B. Powell

The dynamical interaction between currents, bathymetry, waves, and estuarine outflow has significant impacts on the surf zone. We investigate the impacts of two strategies to include the effect of surface gravity waves on an ocean circulation model of the south shore of O'ahu, Hawaii. This area provides an ideal laboratory for the development of nearshore circulation modeling systems for reef-protected coastlines. We use two numerical models for circulation and waves: Regional Ocean Modeling Sys...