Sanjiv Choudhary, and Shivani Dhande, and Sachin Kharat, and A L Singh

Background: Herpes zoster is a viral infection of skin caused by Varicella Zoster virus. The most important symptom for which the patient seeks medical advice is pain, which is perceived before the development of rash and lasts even after its resolution. The pain during the first 30 days after onset of herpes zoster is known as acute herpetic neuralgia. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and side-effects of different systemic treatment modalities for acute herpes zoster neuralgia....

Ravichandran Hariharasudhan, and Janakiraman Balamurugan

Background: Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Poststroke, most survivors experience trunk control impairment and instability. Previous works on exercise on an unstable surface to improve trunk stability in nonstroke population had proven effective. Thus, physioball exercises (PBEs) in poststroke subjects may be useful in the recovery of trunk stability and thereby reduce disability. We hypothesize that PBE is feasible and effective in enhancing trunk stabilit...

D. Idier, and J. Rohmer, and T. Bulteau, and E. Delvallée

Recent flooding events, like Katrina (USA, 2005) or Xynthia (France, 2010), illustrate the complexity of coastal systems and the limits of traditional flood risk analysis. Among other questions, these events raised issues such as: "how to choose flooding scenarios for risk management purposes?", "how to make a society more aware and prepared for such events?" and "which level of risk is acceptable to a population?". The present paper aims at developing an inverse approach that could seek to addr...

Vanessa Sacramento Cerqueira, and Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa

<abstract language="eng">The process of biodegradation of soils contaminated by animal (raw fish oil) and mineral (toluene) origin compounds was studied, verifying the influence of adding biosurfactants and chemical surfactants and nutrients in the media. The highest removal rate of fish oil was 59.47% obtained in the experiments containing biosurfactant and biostimulate in 90 days process. The highest removal rate of toluene was achieved in 14 days for experiments containing biosurfactant, chem...

DANIEL B. DE ALENCAR, and SUZETE R. DA SILVA, and KELMA M.S. PIRES-CAVALCANTE, and REBECA L. DE LIMA, and FRANCISCO N. PEREIRA JÚNIOR, and MÁRCIA B. DE SOUSA, and FRANCISCO A. VIANA, and CELSO S. NAGANO, and KYRIA S. DO NASCIMENTO, and BENILDO S. CAVADA, and ALEXANDRE H. SAMPAIO, and SILVANA SAKER-SAMPAIO

Natural antioxidants found in marine macroalgae are bioactive compounds known to play an important role in the prevention of diseases associated with aging cells protecting them against the oxidative damage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of ethanolic extracts of two species of red seaweeds, Amansia multifida and Meristiella echinocarpa. In vitro antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging assay, ferric-reducing antioxidant pow...

Abel Castañeda, and Juan José Howland, and Francisco Corvo, and Tezozomoc Pérez

The influence of chloride deposition rate on concrete using an atmospheric corrosion approach is rarely studied in the literature. Seven exposure sites were selected in Havana City, Cuba, for exposure of reinforced concrete samples. Two significantly different atmospheric corrosivity levels with respect to corrosion of steel reinforced concrete were observed after two years of exposure depending on atmospheric chloride deposition and w/c ratio of the concrete. Changes in corrosion current are re...

S Parthasarathy, and S Antony John Charles

Background: Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is described as sensory symptoms, sometimes with motor and autonomic symptoms caused by myofascial trigger points (TPs). Injection at TPs is most likely to benefit patients with such disorder. The identification of TPs is usually clinical. However, in sites where there are major vital structures, ultrasound guidance and real-time visualization may help in decreasing complications. Methodology: Twenty patients who presented to pain clinic with classic sy...

Henry Montecino Castro, and Aharon Cuevas Cordero, and Sílvio Rogério Correia de Freitas

Most aspects related to the horizontal component of the Geocentric Reference System for the Americas (SIRGAS) have been solved. However, in the case of the vertical component there are still aspects of definition, national realizations and continental unification still not accomplished. Chile is no exception; due to its particular geographic characteristics, a number of tide gauges (TG) had to be installed in the coast from which the leveling lines that compose the Chilean Vertical Network (CHVN...

Elena I. Antonova , and Tatiana I. Belousova

The technology of preliminary informing is the priority direction of development of information technologies in the customs authorities. Russian model prior information on Maritime transport contains a number of features that distinguish it from world practice. The studied is the possibility of creating a unified information system of state regulatory bodies in the Maritime checkpoints. The article considers one of directions of automation of information interaction between Maritime stakeholders...

Viktoria Yavorska, and Antonina Shashero, and Kateryna Kolomiyets, and Olena Nikolayeva

The coastal zone in Ukraine is likely to undergo the most profound change in the near future. Already more than 65 percent of the Ukrainian Black Sea region population lives within 30 km of the coast. Consequently, unless territory planning and careful environmental management are instituted, sharp conflicts over coastal space and resource are likely, and the degradation of natural resources will stop future social-economic development. In order to maintain and restore coastal ecosystem it was i...

D.A. Zherebilo, and S.Yu. Kustov

The paper presents new data on distribution of the species of the genus Kowarzia Mik, 1881. Kowarzia barbatula (Mik, 1880) is recorded for the first time from the territory of Russia and the Caucasus, K. plectrum (Mik, 1880) – from the territory of Russia. Currently 3 species of Kowarzia are known from the territory of Russia and the Caucasus: K. barbatula, K. caucasica Sinclair, Shamshev 2014 and K. plectrum. Kowarzia caucasica is recorded for the first time from Georgia. A key to species is gi...

André Cardoso Louro, and Jordi Fernández-Castro, and Tomás Blasco

<p>Objective: To examine the effectiveness of an “Enhancing Positive Emotions Procedure” (EPEP) based on positive psychology and cognitive behavioral therapy in relieving distress at the time of adjuvant chemotherapy treatment in colorectal cancer patients (CRC). It is expected that EPEP will increase quality of life and positive affect in CRC patients during chemotherapy treatment intervention and at 1 month follow-up.</p><p>Method: A group of 24 CRC patients received the EPEP procedure (interv...

Dreizis Yuriy, and Bondareva Elena, and Vershinina Galina

The coastal marine transport is one of the important components defining development of all Black Sea coast of Russia. Questions of need of restoration of coastal passenger traffic within the coast of Greater Sochi in connection with intensive development of tourism in Krasnodar Region of Russia and the questions of the organization of the transport communication between a coastal towns and settlements are considered. Need of further implementation of the program of reconstruction and constructi...

GUAN Bin, and SUN Zhongmiao, and LIU Xiaogang, and ZHAI Zhenhe

Independent of traditional approach of satellite altimeter calibration, the feasibility of altimeter validation using tide gauge located on solitary island at open sea (TGSI) and deep-ocean bottom pressure recorder (BPR) separately is initially studied. Bias of Jason-3 sea surface height (SSH) and relative SSH bias (△bias) between Jason-2 and Jason-3 is calculated using the data of tide gauge on Harvest oil platform, tide gauge No.1890000 and BPR No.21419. The standard deviations of calculated S...

M. E. Sieracki, and N. J. Poulton, and O. Jaillon, and P. Wincker, and C. de Vargas, and L. Rubinat-Ripoll, and R. Stepanauskas, and R. Logares, and R. Massana

Abstract Marine planktonic protists are critical components of ocean ecosystems and are highly diverse. Molecular sequencing methods are being used to describe this diversity and reveal new associations and metabolisms that are important to how these ecosystems function. We describe here the use of the single cell genomics approach to sample and interrogate the diversity of the smaller (pico- and nano-sized) protists from a range of oceanic samples. We created over 900 single amplified genomes (...

Ye Ying Zheng, and Fei Guo, and Bin Lu, and Qiang Li

Marcelo L Rheingantz, and Helen F Waldemarin, and Lívia Rodrigues, and Timothy P Moulton

The diet of the Neotropical otter Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818) is one of the best known aspects of its biology throughout its distribution range. However, most dietary studies have been undertaken during short time periods, making it difficult to identify temporal patterns in the feeding behavior of the species. The present study aimed to describe the diet of L. longicaudis in the lower region of the Mambucaba Catchment, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during a three year period, based on ...

Fink, Michael

A yavirau (traditional Fijian fish drive) is an ancient Fijian custom which has been adapted to today’s needs. Implemented and organised by a village community without external assistance, this highly this culturally specific custom is an example of development on a local level. According to theorists and practitioners working on development issues, such a strategy for Community Development (CD) is promising because it seizes current approaches as it fosters local, decentralised, cultural specif...

Igor Volner

This paper represents a comparison between legal approaches to passenger protection in the United States and European Union. The author focuses on forum selection clauses in cruise passenger tickets and their treatment in proceedings following an accident related to the journey. In this context the author analyses the case law available to passengers in the United States and suggests certain changes in the treatment of forum selection clauses. Moreover, this paper introduces legal instruments av...

Segundo R. León, and Kelika A. Konda, and Jeffrey D. Klausner, and Franca R. Jones, and Carlos F. Cáceres, and Thomas J. Coates

OBJECTIVES: To estimate Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection prevalence and associated risk factors among a low-income marginalized urban population in Peru. METHODS: Between April 2003 and April 2005, men and women at high-risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were recruited from low-income urban areas in three coastal cities in Peru (Chiclayo, Lima, and Trujillo). Consenting participants were studied using a sero-epidemiologic survey. Urine and vaginal swabs collected from men and wo...

Heather Wipfli, and David J. Press, and Virginia Kuhn

Background: The development of new global health academic programs provides unique opportunities to create innovative educational approaches within and across universities. Recent evidence suggests that digital media technologies may provide feasible and cost-effective alternatives to traditional classroom instruction; yet, many emerging global health academic programs lag behind in the utilization of modern technologies. Objective: We created an inter-departmental University of Southern Califor...

E. P. SCHMIDT, and C. E. N. MAZZILLI

ABSTRACT A simplified methodology is proposed for the dynamic analysis of curved road bridges under the effect of a 3C class heavy vehicle. The dynamic models of both vehicle and bridge are considered to be uncoupled, being bound by the interaction forces. These forces come from the vehicle dynamic analysis, initially under rigid deck, subjected to a support excitation caused by the pavement geometric irregularities. Such forces are statically condensed in the vehicle centre of mass and applied ...

N. Jiao, and C. Robinson, and F. Azam, and H. Thomas, and F. Baltar, and H. Dang, and N. J. Hardman-Mountford, and M. Johnson, and D. L. Kirchman, and B. P. Koch, and L. Legendre, and C. Li, and J. Liu, and T. Luo, and Y.-W. Luo, and A. Mitra, and A. Romanou, and K. Tang, and X. Wang, and C. Zhang, and R. Zhang

No abstract available.

Maria Cristina PONEPAL, and Alina PĂUNESCU, and Octavian DRĂGHICI, and Alexandru Gabriel MARINESCU

Talstar insecticide is labeled for numerous bugs and many other household pests and lawn pests. Bifenthrin is highly toxic to fish and aquatic arthropods. Bifenhrin LC50 values range from 0.0038 to17.8 μg/L and is only slightly toxic to both waterfowl and upland game birds (LD50 values range from 1.800 mg/kg to > 2.150 mg/kg). Bifenthrin had no effect on mollusks at its limit of water solubility. This study was carried out to analyze the effects of sublethal and lethal concentrations – from 0.00...

S.M. Thomaz

As macrófitas constituem-se em uma importante assembléia de ecossistemas aquáticos continentais, mas seu crescimento excessivo pode provocar danos aos usos múltiplos de alguns ambientes. Durante o processo de sucessão ecológica, a maioria dos ecossistemas aquáticos é colonizada, em diferentes graus, pela vegetação aquática. No entanto, explosões populacionais são usualmente decorrentes de ações antrópicas, como introduções de espécies exóticas e alterações de habitats. O conhecimento da ecologia...

R. Commane, and K. Seitz, and C. S. E. Bale, and W. J. Bloss, and J. Buxmann, and T. Ingham, and U. Platt, and D. Pöhler, and D. E. Heard

The first in situ point observations of iodine monoxide (IO) at a clean marine site were made using a laser-induced fluorescence instrument deployed at Mace Head, Ireland in August 2007. IO mixing ratios of up to 49.8 pptv (equivalent to pmol mol⁻¹; 1 s average) were observed at day-time low tide, well in excess of previous observed spatially-averaged maxima. A strong anti-correlation of IO mixing ratios with tide height was evident and the high time resolution of the observati...

E. C. Hunke, and D. Notz, and A. K. Turner, and M. Vancoppenolle

Rather than being solid throughout, sea ice contains liquid brine inclusions, solid salts, microalgae, trace elements, gases, and other impurities which all exist in the interstices of a porous, solid ice matrix. This multiphase structure of sea ice arises from the fact that the salt that exists in seawater cannot be incorporated into lattice sites in the pure ice component of sea ice, but remains in liquid solution. Depending on the ice permeability (determined by temperature, salinity and gas ...

Poulsen LLC, and Bækgaard ES, and Istre PG, and Schmidt TA, and Larsen T

Liv la Cour Poulsen,1 Emilie Stokholm B&aelig;kgaard,1 Per Grosen Istre,1 Thomas Andersen Schmidt,1 Torben Larsen2 1Emergency Department, Copenhagen University Hospital, Holbaek, Denmark; 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Holbaek, Denmark Purpose: Ultrasonography is a noninvasive, cheap, and fast way of assessing abdominal pain in an emergency department. Many physicians working in emergency departments do not have pre-existing ultrasound experience. The...

Lacerda Luiz D., and Marins Rozane V., and Paraquetti Heloísa H. M., and Mounier Stephane, and Benaim Jean, and Fevrier Dominique

A survey of the reactive and total Hg concentrations in surface waters and of the quantity of particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), were performed along a transect from the major rivers mouths and mangrove dominated areas to the open bay waters of Sepetiba Bay, SE Brazil. The objective of the survey was to evaluate changes in Hg reactivity during the transport along the estuarine gradient. Reactive Hg concentrations were lowest in open bay waters, (0.09 ± 0.06 ng L...

R.C. Storck, and C. Deschamps, and A.F. Mógor, and L.C. Coccô, and A.P. Scheer, and C.I. Yamamoto

Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., comumente conhecido como patchouli, é uma espécie aromática utilizada pela indústria de perfumes devido a fragrância amadeirada e propriedade fixadora do óleo essencial. Fatores que afetam o teor dos constituintes do óleo essencial devem ser avaliados visando obter matéria prima de melhor qualidade. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação com delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x3 e 4 repetições, sendo dois níveis de giberelina (...

A. W Bruckner, and R. J Bruckner

Shallow leeward reefs off the western end of Curaçao are dominated by extensive populations of M. annularis (complex). These species are larger in size (mean= 66 cm diameter) than all other species, with few small colonies (<30 cm) and notable absence of recruits. In 1998, colonies of M. annularis (complex) accounted for more then 45% of all species >10 cm observed within transects, and most exhibited low levels of partial mortality (mean= 22.5%). These species were less abundant (38% of all col...

E. V. Sasorova, and B. W. Levin, and V. E. Morozov

The results of laboratory experiments on rock sample destruction and the observation data obtained from several series of the hydro-acoustic observations in which the researchers succeeded to register the signals in the critical stage of the earthquake (EQ) preparation were compared. According to theoretical research (Alekseev et al., 2001) two distinct dilatant zones occur in the EQ preparation stage. The first one is located around the source and the second one represents the near-surface dila...

Ashok S Gavaskar, and K Vijayraj, and S D Muthukumar Subramanian

CT navigation has been shown to improve component positioning in total shoulder arthroplasty. The technique can be useful in achieving strong initial fixation of the metal backed glenoid in reverse shoulder arthroplasty. We report a 61 years male patient who underwent reverse shoulder arthroplasty for rotator cuff arthropathy. CT navigation was used intraoperatively to identify best possible glenoid bone and to maximize the depth of the fixation screws that anchor the metaglene portion of the me...

José A. Vargas-Zamora, and Jeffrey A. Sibaja-Cordero, and Rita Vargas-Castillo

The availability of data sets for time periods of more than a year is scarce for tropical environments. Advances in hardware and software speed-up the re-analysis of old data sets and facilitates the description of population oscillations. Using recent taxonomic literature and software we have updated and re-analized the information on crustacean diversity and population fluctuations from a set of cores collected at a mud-sand flat in the mid upper Gulf of Nicoya estuary, Pacific coast of Costa ...

Gilberto Ferreira de Souza Aguiar

The search for equity in access to services is presently an important principle in public policies for health in Brazil. Social inequalities in the Amazonia occur at high levels comparatively to the other regions in the country; and, within Amazonia, they particularly affect rural communities. The present study aims to appreciate associations between food and nutritional profile, adaptive strategies, and epidemiology in these communities, specially in areas of artisanal fishery, and also to sugg...

Vishakha Grover, and Ranjan Malhotra, and Harleen Kaur

Background: Sleep deprivation has become a global phenomenon, and epidemiologic data indicate that short sleep duration adversely impacts human physical health. Underlying mechanisms involve modulation of immune-inflammatory mechanisms. These changes might contribute to potentiation of destructive periodontal disease. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess if there is an association of sleep deprivation with chronic periodontal diseases. Materials and Methods: Sixty subjects were categoriz...

Hélio Wilson Lemos de Carvalho, and Manoel Xavier dos Santos, and Maria de Lourdes da Silva Leal, and Cleso Antonio Pato Pacheco, and José Nildo Tabosa

Dezesseis cultivares de milho foram avaliadas em treze ambientes dos tabuleiros costeiros do Nordeste brasileiro, no período de 1994/95, em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, visando conhecer o potencial dessa região para a produção do milho e a adaptabilidade e a estabilidade desses materiais para recomendação. As produtividades médias alcançadas, especialmente com os híbridos, mostraram o grande potencial dessa faixa costeira do Nordeste para a produção do milho, sobressaindo os tabuleiros ...

Nataly Galán-Freyle, and Jesús Olivero-Verbel, and Liney Díaz-López

Shellfish are a source of food allergens, and their consumption is the cause of severe allergic reactions in humans. Tropomyosins, a family of muscle proteins, have been identified as the major allergens in shellfish and mollusks species. Nevertheless, few experimentally determined three-dimensional structures are available in the Protein Data Base (PDB). In this study, 3D models of several homologous of tropomyosins present in marine shellfish and mollusk species (Chaf 1, Met e1, Hom a1, Per v1...

Eleanor Dare, and Lee Weinberg

VAINS, the 'visual art Interpretation and navigation system', is an interdisciplinary work in progress, an interactive website which offers repository, search and content recommendation tools for art content in an online environment. This paper will put the VAINS system into a historical curatorial context as well as explaining and analysing the VAINS project and its methodology, outlining our reasons for placing the body at the forefront of its navigation systems. The paper will also present a ...

Alireza Didarloo, and Bahram Nabilou, and Hamid Reza Khalkhali

Abstract Background Breast cancer is a life-threatening condition affecting women around the world. The early detection of breast lumps using a breast self-examination (BSE) is important for the prevention and control of this disease. The aim of this study was to examine BSE behavior and its predictive factors among female university students using the Health Belief Model (HBM). Methods This investigation was a cross-sectional survey carried out with 334 female students at Urmia University of Me...

Matthew W. Fraser, and Gary A. Kendrick

Abstract Continued seagrass declines in ecosystems with improved water quality may be driven by sediment stressors. One of the most cited examples of a seagrass ecosystem with declines is Cockburn Sound, Western Australia, where 75% of seagrasses (2169 ha) were lost in the 1960s–1980s due to poor water quality. Water quality has subsequently improved in Cockburn Sound, yet shoot density declines continue in some areas. Here, we investigated if sediment stressors (sulfide intrusion and heavy meta...

A. Arias-Ortiz, and P. Masqué, and P. Masqué, and P. Masqué, and P. Masqué, and J. Garcia-Orellana, and J. Garcia-Orellana, and O. Serrano, and I. Mazarrasa, and N. Marbà, and C. E. Lovelock, and P. S. Lavery, and P. S. Lavery, and C. M. Duarte

<p>Vegetated coastal ecosystems, including tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrass meadows, are being increasingly assessed in terms of their potential for carbon dioxide sequestration worldwide. However, there is a paucity of studies that have effectively estimated the accumulation rates of sediment organic carbon (<i>C</i>_org), also termed blue carbon, beyond the mere quantification of <i>C</i>_org stocks. Here, we discuss the use of the ²¹⁰Pb dating techniq...

Paweł Skowronek, and Paweł Olszewski, and Wojciech Święszkowski, and Marcin Sibiński, and Marek Synder, and Michał Polguj

Abstract Background The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential consequences of drilling titanium alloy (Ti) and tantalum (Ta) implants. Methods During an in vitro study, four holes were made in each of two spatially porous trabecular implants: one Ta and the other Ti alloy (Ti-6Al-7Nb). The weight and the volume of particles produced during the drilling were then measured using a Radwag XA 110/2X (USA) laboratory balance. Results The loss of mass of the Ti and Ta implants was respectivel...

Danilov Boris, and Smolyanitskiy Boris

The paper discusses approaches to improvement of equipment for borehole drilling with a predetermined trajectory in construction of underground utility systems and facilities. Piercing method allows implementing dry drilling of boreholes with small diameter using simple technical equipment. The methods used when preparing the research are analysis, generalization, and experimental research methods. Outcomes of the research include evidence that increase in performance of vibro-impact piercing is...

A. Saiz-Lopez, and C. S. Blaszczak-Boxe, and L. J. Carpenter

Ground- and satellite-based measurements have reported high concentrations of iodine monoxide (IO) in coastal Antarctica. The sources of such a large iodine burden in the coastal Antarctic atmosphere remain unknown. We propose a mechanism for iodine release from sea ice based on the premise that micro-algae are the primary source of iodine emissions in this environment. The emissions are triggered by the biological production of iodide (I^&minus;) and hypoiodous acid (HOI) from micro-a...

Vasja Mikuž

A tooth of chodrostean fish, found in Upper Cretaceous Gosau facies in the quarry near Stranice, is described. In the rocks occurs an abundance of various fossil remains, from the predominanting avertebrates to rare vertebrates. Morphology and size of tooth indicate it belong to the very frequent Cretaceous – Paleogene species Cretolamna appendiculata (Agassiz, 1843).

José Geraldo Vidal Vieira, and Hugo Tsugunobu Yoshida Yoshizaki, and Linda Lee Ho

Este artigo visa conhecer o estado de colaboração em logística entre indústrias fornecedoras e redes de supermercados do Brasil, por meio do estudo da relação entre os elementos de colaboração e os elementos de desempenho logístico e de custos de transação identificados na relação de parceria. A metodologia é composta por uma análise qualitativa (por meio de observação participativa) e quantitativa, composta por uma amostra de 125 representantes dos fornecedores de 87 fabricantes de bens de cons...

Pablo D. B. Guilherme, and Leonardo C. Rosa

The sea star Astropecten marginatus has a neotropical distribution and is a highly abundant and frequent species in shrimp trawling by-catchin many places along the Brazilian coast. This has caused its threat to extinction and in addition, its bio-ecological aspects are poorly known. Thus, the main objective of this study was to analyze the seasonal variations of population length structure and feeding habits of the sea stars A. marginatus inhabiting off state of Paraná, Southern Brazil. The ana...

A. Smedile, and P. M. De Martini, and D. Pantosti

Offshore and inland geological evidence for multiple tsunami inundations was found in the Augusta Bay area: (1) the main local historical tsunamis (1908, 1693, 1169), (2) two far-generated tsunamis (i.e. Crete 365 AD and Santorini, 3600 BP), and (3) seven unknown tsunamis). Average tsunami recurrence intervals from inland and offshore investigations of about 550 and 320 yr, respectively were obtained for the past 4 ka. The history of paleotsunamis from the marine record appears to be as complete...

Débora Diniz, and Alejandro Laudicina, and Luiz Antonio Carlos Bertollo

The location of 18S and 5S rDNA sites was determined in eight species and populations of the fish genus Triportheus by using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The males and females of all species had 2n = 52 chromosomes and a ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system. A single 18S rDNA site that was roughly equivalent to an Ag-NOR was detected on the short arms of a submetacentric pair in nearly all species, and up to two additional sites were also observed in some species. In addition, another 18S rD...