P. Brohan, and C. Ward, and G. Willetts, and C. Wilkinson, and R. Allan, and D. Wheeler

The climate of the early nineteenth century is likely to have been significantly cooler than that of today, as it was a period of low solar activity (the Dalton minimum) and followed a series of large volcanic eruptions. Proxy reconstructions of the temperature of the period do not agree well on the size of the temperature change, so other observational records from the period are particularly valuable. Weather observations have been extracted from the reports of the noted whaling captain Willia...

Gjertsen Heidi, and Niesten Eduard

Conservation practitioners are increasingly turning to incentive-based approaches to encourage local resource users to change behaviors that impact biodiversity and natural habitat. We assess the design and performance of marine conservation interventions with varying types of incentives through an analysis of case studies from around the world. Here we focus on seven examples that are particularly relevant to designing incentives for sea turtle conservation. Four of the cases are focused on sea...

J. Zhang, and D. Gilbert, and A. J. Gooday, and L. Levin, and S. W. A. Naqvi, and J. J. Middelburg, and M. Scranton, and W. Ekau, and A. Peña, and B. Dewitte, and T. Oguz, and P. M. S. Monteiro, and E. Urban, and N. N. Rabalais, and V. Ittekkot, and W. M. Kemp, and O. Ulloa, and R. Elmgren, and E. Escobar-Briones, and A. K. Van der Plas

Hypoxia has become a world-wide phenomenon in the global coastal ocean and causes a deterioration of the structure and function of ecosystems. Based on the collective contributions of members of SCOR Working Group #128, the present study provides an overview of the major aspects of coastal hypoxia in different biogeochemical provinces, including estuaries, coastal waters, upwelling areas, fjords and semi-enclosed basins, with various external forcings, ecosystem responses, feedbacks and potentia...

Peter Trifonov-Bogdanov, and Anastasia Zhiravetska, and Tatjana Trifonova-Bogdanova, and Vladimir Shestakov

The processes of error development in an inertial navigation system are analysed. With this aim, the standard structures of error development were extracted in the inertial system. Error development was defined in the standard structures. Error development in the inertial navigation system is concluded according to the results obtained in the work.

Younes Komachi, and Said Mazaheri, and Mohammad R. Tabeshpour

Three dimensional responses of riser subjected to Vortex Induced Vibration (VIV) are investigated. Proportionality relations of stress and fatigue damage are mentioned. A computer code has been developed for time domain modeling of VIV of riser accounting for both Cross-Flow (CF) and In-Line (IL) vibration. The wake oscillator model is used to calculate the VIV of each strip. The wake oscillators are coupled to the dynamics of the long riser, while the Newmark-beta method is used for evaluating ...

Irmawaty Rita, and Yamamoto Daisuke, and Hamada Hidenori, and Sagawa Yasutaka

Pre-stressed concrete (PC) sheet piles are commonly used for river revetment, retaining wall, etc. However, it has not been used in port and harbor structure due to corrosive environmental conditions, which is severe for steel corrosion in concrete structure. Performances of PC sheet piles were evaluated after 12 years exposure in the marine splash environment. An evaluation of mechanical properties, carbonation depth, porosity, chloride content and PC steel condition were carried out. Overall, ...

Коlomiychuk Vitaliy, and Vynokurov Denys

Syntaxonomy of the class Festuco-Brometea in Ukraine has barely been still explored. There are some scattered and local data, mainly within the Forest-Steppe zone, which need to be compiled and critically reviewed. Similarly, the Azov Sea coastal zone, which, despite the considerable diversity of habitats, remains unstudied phytosociologically. We have carried out large-scale comparisons of relevés from the Sea of Azov coastline with data from other regions of Ukraine, Europe, and Russia. In tot...

Ondračková M., and Matějusová I., and Grabowska J.

Sanyal Sutapa, and Sinha Krishnendu, and Saha Swasti, and Banerjee Samir

The illegal use of formalin for quality control purposes is a widespread practice in today’s fish industry. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to assess the quality characteristics of formalin treated (5% formalin for 30 min) mrigel carp, Cirrhinus mrigala, Hamilton, stored on ice. The formalin detected was 12.19 ±0.814 μg g-1 for freshly treated samples and 8.10 ± 0.068 μg g-1 for treated samples stored on ice. In the control fish, the formalin concentration was almost negligible. The ...

Farzaneh Yousefi, and Saeed Najafpour Bushehry, and Kamran Mirzaie, and Zahra Sanjideh, and Zahra Amiri, and Behnoush Bonehgezi, and Seyed Mohammad Khoshkar, and Iran Nabipour

Background: It has been suggested that moderate shrimp consumption in normolipidemic subjects will not adversely affect the overall lipoprotein profile. Hence, shrimp consumption can be included in “healthy heart" nutritional guidelines. However, the effects of cultured shrimp on serum lipoproteins of normal subjects have not yet investigated. Material and Methods: Twenty-five healthy normolipidemic men who were workers of a shrimp farm in Bushehr province participated in a quasi-expe...

R. Latto, and R. Latto, and A. Romanou, and A. Romanou

In this paper, we present a database of the basic regimes of the carbon cycle in the ocean, the <q>ocean carbon states</q>, as obtained using a data mining/pattern recognition technique in observation-based as well as model data. The goal of this study is to establish a new data analysis methodology, test it and assess its utility in providing more insights into the regional and temporal variability of the marine carbon cycle. This is important as advanced data mining techniques are becomi...

Gunde Kurtz

Kong M, and Shin SH, and Lee EM, and Yun EK

Moonkyoo Kong,1 Sung Hee Shin,2 Eunmi Lee,3 Eun Kyoung Yun2 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, 2College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, 3Department of Quality Improvement, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea Background: There have not yet been any published studies on the effects of laughter therapy on radiation-induced dermatitis in breast cancer patients treated with radiotherapy...

Katarzyna Bociąg, and Agnieszka Gałka, and Tymon Łazarkiewicz, and Józef Szmeja

In populations of submerged macrophytes, individuals are selected in terms of resistance to the effect of hydrodynamic forces. The aim of this study was to check whether individuals growing in river water are more tensile and bending resistant than plants occurring in places not exposed to flow stress. We determined the ultimate tensile strength of stems in four macrophyte species, Potamogeton natans, P. pectinatus, Batrachium fluitans and Chara fragilis, which occur in two environmental variant...

D. M. Feddersen, and R. Talbot, and H. Mao, and B. C. Sive

A study was conducted to determine the size distribution of particulate mercury (Hg^P) at a marine and coastal site, and to compare the seasonal variability at both sites. Data was collected during summer 2009 and 2010, winter 2010, and spring 2010. Two cascade impactors were used to collect Hg^P in ten size fractions ranging from > 10 μm to < 0.4 μm. During summer 2009, Hg^P was found mainly (50–60%) in coarse fractions, 1.1 to 5.8 μm, composed of sea salt particle...

Elvira Alvarado Ch, and Alberto Acosta

Las poblaciones de Montastraea annularis muestran síntomas de declinamiento y sin embargo, pocos estudios se han realizado sobre tipos, frecuencias e intensidad de lesiones naturales in situ. Durante un año, septiembre 2003 a septiembre 2004, se hizo el seguimiento anual de lesiones naturales que aparecieron en ramets sanos de una población en un arrecife degradado dentro de un Área Marina Protegida, para inferir su efecto en la estructura de talla de la población. El 94% de los ramets presentar...

Ahmad Majzoub, and Ammar Al-Ani, and Tawiz Gul, and Hatem Kamkoum, and Khalid Al-Jalham

Aim: Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) is a well-established modality in the treatment of urolithiasis. Studying the effect of urine pH on SWL success is appealing as pH can be manipulated before SWL to insure a better outcome. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study performed at a tertiary medical center. Patients presenting to the SWL unit with a single renal stone <2 cm in size were included in this study. In addition to standard laboratory and radiologic investigations, urine pH measur...

Érico Santos-Jr, and Kelly C. Pansard, and Maria E. Yamamoto, and Sathyabama Chellappa

A crescente indústria do turismo tem se estendido ao ambiente aquático, deste modo tornando os mamíferos aquáticos suscetíveis a interações com humanos. O turismo de observação de golfinhos na praia de Pipa litoral sul do Rio Grande do Norte, tem se desenvolvido aumentando o número de barcos de observação de golfinhos operando nesta área. No presente estudo alterações comportamentais do Sotalia guianensis (Van Bénédén, 1864) causado pela presença destes barcos foi verificada. Registros comportam...

Pedro H.C. Pereira, and Beatrice P. Ferreira, and Sérgio M. Rezende

Seagrass beds are used by juvenile fishes in different ways, generally as nursery sites, shelter from predators, reducing competition and increasing availability of food resources, thus establishing a relationship of connectivity with other ecosystems. In the present study, the community structure of the ichthyofauna associated with seagrass beds on the Formoso River (Pernambuco - Brazil) was evaluated during the winter of 2008. Twenty-seven manual trawls (15 daytime and 12 nighttime) were perfo...

Diana Párraga, and Rodrigo Wiff, and Juan Carlos Quiroz, and Maximiliano Zilleruelo, and Claudio Bernal, and Jorge Azócar

Cada operación de pesca en pesquerías multiespecíficas puede ser descrita por medio del análisis de la proporción de especies en la captura, área y arte de pesca. A un conjunto de operaciones de pesca similares, se ha definido en la literatura como táctica de pesca. En este trabajo, se identificaron tácticas de pesca empleadas en la pesquería multiespecfica de crustáceos (PMC), entre 26°03'S y 38°28'S frente a Chile. Se utilizó la proporción de especie en la captura por lance, registrada en bitá...

Luiz Drude de Lacerda, and Rozane Valente Marins

<abstract language="eng">This paper analyses the scientific contribution of chemists and of the Brazilian Chemical Society (SBQ) and its publications to the development of Oceanography in Brazil, as well as major drivers of this participation. A total of 528 articles were analyzed. Most articles (72%) originated in research groups not associated with graduate programs in oceanography. Nearly 50% dealt with the contamination of the marine environment, followed by chemical process studies (32%) an...

Vasanthi Mani, and Prajna Namperumalsamy, and Lalitha Prajna, and Mahadevan Kannan, and Muthukkaruppan Veerappan

<b>Aim: </b> To determine the cellular profile and cytokine levels in the tear fluid of fungal keratitis patients. <b> Materials and Methods:</b> Tear samples were collected from six fungal keratitis patients (Group I) from active stages of the disease up to resolution. Tears collected from the following served as controls: uninfected fellow eye (Group II A) of Group I, patients undergoing cataract surgery (Group II B) and acute conjunctivitis (Group II C). The cellular profile was evaluated. I...

A. Bougiatioti, and C. Fountoukis, and N. Kalivitis, and S. N. Pandis, and A. Nenes, and N. Mihalopoulos

Measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations (cm^&amp;minus;3) between 0.2 and 1.0% supersaturation, aerosol size distribution and chemical composition were performed at a remote marine site in the eastern Mediterranean, from September to October 2007 during the FAME07 campaign. Most of the particles activate at ~0.6% supersaturation, characteristic of the aged nature of the aerosol sampled. Application of Köhler theory, using measurements of bulk composition, size di...

João Luiz Lani, and Larry Schwandes, and Sérvulo Batista de Rezende, and José Antonio Lani, and Eufran Ferreira do Amaral, and Alexson de Mello Cunha, and Liovando Marciano da Costa

Procurou-se utilizar opalas biogênicas, também conhecidas como espículas ou "pó-de-mico", como identificadoras de sedimentos lacustres ou marinhos. Para isso, analisaram-se camadas e horizontes de um Gleissolo Tiomórfico Húmico na região do rio Riacho, Aracruz, ES. Cada amostra de solo foi submetida a tratamentos específicos para o isolamento das espículas; posteriormente, elas foram identificadas em microscópico eletrônico de varredura. Verificou-se a presença de espículas de origem tanto lacus...

José Luis Ochoa, and Norma Ochoa-Alvarez, and Maria Antonia Guzmán-Murillo, and Sergio Hernandez, and Felipe Ascencio

The present study was done in order to identify the fungus invading some of the supralittoral ponds used for shrimp aquaculture in the CIBNOR facilities in La Paz, Baja California Sur (BCS), México during the summer season. From the walls and bottoms of the ponds, two strains of Geotrichum spp. were isolated and morphologically identified. Fungal adhesion towards hemocytes and primary cultures of various white shrimp (Litopeneaus vannamei) tissues (gill, tegument, and gut) was analyzed to determ...

Cassandra M. Monteiro, and José F. R. Amato, and Suzana B. Amato

Três espécies de aves, dois anatídeos, Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot, 1816) (marreca-caneleira) e Netta peposaca (Vieillot, 1816) (marrecão) e um phalacrocoracídeo, Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Gmelin, 1789) (biguá) foram coletados em vários locais na Província da Planície Costeira e no Lago Guaíba, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O número de aves examinadas de cada espécie de hospedeiro, assim como os valores de prevalência e intensidade média de infecção foram: 33 D. bicolor, 3%, 1 helminto/hospede...

Manoel Mendes Ramos Filho, and Maria Isabel Lima Ramos, and Priscila Aiko Hiane, and Elizabeth Maria Talá de Souza

Os rios brasileiros possuem grande diversidade de peixes, no entanto, pouco se conhece sobre o potencial nutricional da maioria das espécies. O presente estudo avalia a composição centesimal e o perfil de ácidos graxos do tecido muscular dos peixes: pintado (Pseudoplatystoma coruscans), cachara (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) e dourado (Salminus maxillosus), nativos do Rio Miranda na região do Pantanal Sul-Mato-Grossense. O peixe dourado mostrou o maior teor de prote...

El Hajj MS, and Salem S, and Mansoor H

Maguy Saffouh El Hajj, Samah Salem, Hend MansoorCollege of Pharmacy, Qatar University, Doha, QatarObjectives: To assess the public&amp;rsquo;s attitudes towards the community pharmacist&amp;rsquo;s role in Qatar, to investigate the public&amp;rsquo;s use of community pharmacy, and to determine the public&amp;rsquo;s views of and satisfaction with community pharmacy services currently provided in Qatar.Materials and methods: Three community pharmacies in Qatar were randomly selected as study site...

J.-R. Riethdorf, and D. Nürnberg, and L. Max, and R. Tiedemann, and S. A. Gorbarenko, and M. I. Malakhov

We used piston cores recovered in the western Bering Sea to reconstruct millennial-scale changes in marine productivity and terrigenous matter supply over the past ~180 kyr. Based on a geochemical multi-proxy approach, our results indicate closely interacting processes controlling marine productivity and terrigenous matter supply comparable to the situation in the Okhotsk Sea. Overall, terrigenous inputs were high, whereas export production was low. Minor increases in marine productivity occurre...

S. Tegtmeier, and K. Krüger, and B. Quack, and E. L. Atlas, and I. Pisso, and A. Stohl, and X. Yang

Oceanic emissions of halogenated very short-lived substances (VSLS) are expected to contribute significantly to the stratospheric halogen loading and therefore to ozone depletion. The amount of VSLS transported into the stratosphere is estimated based on in-situ observations around the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and on modeling studies which mostly use prescribed global emission scenarios to reproduce observed atmospheric concentrations. In addition to upper-air VSLS measurements, direct ob...

Zonunsanga

Introduction: Acne scars are the result of inflammation within the dermis brought on by acne. The scar is created by the wound trying to heal itself resulting in too much collagen in one spot. Current treatment available are not much satisfactory. Microneedling injure the dermis, thereby stimulating collagen formation. Glycolic acid acts as vehicle for delivery of drugs to dermis: in addition to that, it also has a role in collagen induction. Tretinoin helps in collagen formation. Salicylic ...

Maria José Tavares Ranzani-Paiva, and Luis Marques da Silva Ayroza, and Ricardo Massato Takemoto, and Gilberto Cezar Pavanelli, and Maria de Los Angeles Perez Lizama

Um total de 90 espécimes de <em>Oreochromis niloticus</em> foi coletado bimestralmente entre os meses de fevereiro a dezembro de 2004, em três pisciculturas do Estado de São Paulo. Do total, 82,2% estavam parasitados por pelo menos uma espécie de parasito. Os parâmetros físicos e químicos da água foram utilizados para caracterizar a qualidade da água em cada propriedade. Sete espécies de ectoparasitos foram registradas. Foi possível observar que as pisciculturas apresentam a mesma parasitofauna,...

Henry-Silva Gustavo Gonzaga, and Camargo Antonio Fernando Monteiro

The effluents from fish farming can increase the quantity of suspended solids and promote the enrichment of nitrogen and phosphorus in aquatic ecosystems. In this context, the aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of three species of floating aquatic macrophytes (Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Salvinia molesta) to treat effluents from Nile tilapia culture ponds. The effluent originated from a 1,000-m² pond stocked with 2,000 male Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. The tre...

Molero López Barajas, David

In this work we show a study based on an analysis of academic marks as well as on a teaching valuation of a students sample participating in a pilot experience for the European Credit System Implantation in the Music Teachers Instruction Course. We also detail the way of evaluating the students and the resources used to valuate the teaching. We analyse the differences between the student’s marks and their opinion about the teaching in two students groups, one of them using a traditional teaching...

Cristiano Wellington Noberto Ramalho

Este escrito analisa a definição que os pescadores artesanais do mar-alto da praia de Suape (PE) realizam sobre seu trabalho, ao categorizá-lo de belo. O belo é associado ao trabalho pesqueiro feito com perfeição, de maneira autônoma e aprazível. O que se traduz em formas de humanização do mar e do modo de vida dos próprios pescadores, produzindo, assim, uma estética marítima pesqueira.<br>This paper examines the definition that the craft fishermen of Suape beach (PE) carry on their work, catego...

Paulo de Tarso Chaves, and Beatriz Ern da Silveira

Abstract Plastic floats from fishing nets are commonly found washed up on beaches in southern Brazil. They are usually broken and show signs of having been repaired. Characteristics of floats and interviews with fishermen suggest two main causes of float loss. First, collisions between active gear, bottom trawl nets for shrimp, and passive gear, drift nets for fish, destroy nets and release fragments of them, including floats. Second, the difficulty with which floats are inserted on the float ro...

M. Werner, and M. Kryza, and A. J. Dore, and M. Blaś, and S. Hallsworth, and M. Vieno, and Y. S. Tang, and R. I. Smith

Base cations exert a large impact on various geochemical and geophysical processes both in the atmosphere and at the Earth surface. One of the essential roles of these compounds is impact on surface pH causing an increase in alkalinity and neutralizing the effects of acidity generated by sulphur and nitrogen deposition. During recent years anthropogenic emissions of base cations in the UK have decreased substantially, by about 70%, 78%, 75% and 48% for Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca<sup>2+<...

Frederico Teixeira Brandt, and Felipe Rinald Lorenzato, and Carla Daisy Costa Albuquerque

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver um modelo biológico que seja viável para o estudo sistemático do transplante de bexiga. MÉTODOS: Cães mestiços vivos são usados como doadores e receptores do segmento supra-trigonal da bexiga. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes tansplantados só fizeram uso de imunossupressão por 15 dias, estão vivos e sadios com 18 meses de transplante. Desde o primeiro mês de transplante os cães apresentam controle funcional da micção, inclusive sem urina residual importante. CONCLUSÃO: Transplante ...

Manuel Haimovici, and Luciano Gomes Fischer, and Carmem L.D.B.S Rossi-Wongtschowski, and Roberto Ávila Bernardes, and Roberta Aguiar dos Santos

The relative abundance and fishing potential of the commercially valuable fishes and cephalopods with marketable size was assessed using two seasonal bottom trawl surveys performed in 2001 and 2002 on the outer shelf and upper slope (100-600 m depth) off the coast of southern Brazil. These surveys were part of REVIZEE, a national program designed to assess the fishery potential within the Economic Exclusive Zone. Of the 228 fish and cephalopod species caught during the surveys, only 27 species a...

Nicholas Primachev, and Tatyana Frasinyuk

The shipping industry is subject to a number of regulations, which in the area of safety and the environment are motivated by the scale of external costs and imperfections in information. There is a clear rationale for governments to establish and maintain adequate standards for maritime safety, as well as protection of the marine environment, which represents a valuable public good. However, certain maritime transport operations are substantially affected by a number of regulations that restric...

Cheban Larysa, and Grynko Olga, and Dorosh Iryna

The study focused on the development of co-cultivation schemes for Daphnia magna (Straus) and Desmodesmus armatus (Chod.) Hegew. Wastewater from a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) was used as a medium for co-cultivation. Three schemes for D. magna and algae co-cultivation that differed in the timing of the introduction of Daphnia into the system were tested. Initially, D. armatus algae were cultivated to the exponential growth phase until cell numbers reached 5 × 104 cell × 1-1. This algal...

Sieńko-Awierianów Elżbieta, and Lubkowska Anna, and Kolano Piotr, and Chudecka Monika

A gradual loss of function in the balance system may begin in the fourth decade of life. The effects of this process become visible in old age, when problems with postural stability contribute to falls, making it an important social problem. Early detection of this dysfunction is essential for minimizing the risk of age-related falls, one of the main causes of hospitalization or even death in older adults.

Miguel Alcaraz

D G Mohan, and A K Borthakur

Tran Quang Bao

This paper analyses wave attenuation in coastal mangrove forests in Vietnam. Data from 32 mangrove plots of six species located in 2 coastal regions are used for this study. In each plot, mangrove forest structures and wave height at different cross-shore distances are measured. Wave height closely relates to cross-shore distances. 92 exponential regression equations are highly significant with R² > 0.95 and P val. < 0.001. Wave height reduction depends on initial wave height, cross-s...

Mohsina Mukti, and Mohammed Rahmatullah

Context: Tribal healers mainly use land plants in their medicinal formulations; use of aquatic plants has been scarcely reported. Aims: The aim of the present study was to conduct an ethnomedicinal survey working with a Bagdi tribal healer of Rajbari District, Bangladesh. Settings and Design: The survey was carried out working with a Bagdi healer, who lived alone in the wetlands of Rajbari District and used primarily aquatic plants for treatment. Materials and Methods: Interview of the healer...

Raquel De Boni, and Daniela Benzano, and Carl Leukefeld

INTRODUÇÃO: O uso de álcool é um forte preditor de acidentes de trânsito. Este artigo descreve a factibilidade e dados preliminares de um estudo que avalia a alcoolemia entre jovens que utilizam bebidas alcoólicas em estacionamentos de postos de gasolina de Porto Alegre (RS). MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, com amostra em alvo, estratificada por idade e gênero. Os dados foram coletados através de um questionário autopreenchido, e a alcoolemia foi estimada com uso de bafômetro. RESULTADOS: A taxa de ...

Jussi Evertsen, and Torkild Bakken

A total of 5 nudibranch species are reported from the Norwegian coast for the first time (Doridoxa ingolfiana, Goniodoris castanea, Onchidoris sparsa, Eubranchus rupium and Proctonotus mucroniferus). In addition 10 species that can be considered rare in Norwegian waters are presented with new information (Lophodoris danielsseni, Onchidoris depressa, Palio nothus, Tritonia griegi, Tritonia lineata, Hero formosa, Janolus cristatus, Cumanotus beaumonti, Berghia norvegica and Calma glaucoides), in s...

Jennifer Bailey

Sustainable development poses highly complex issues for those who attempt to implement it. Using the Brundtland Commission’s definition of sustainable development as a vantage point, this article discusses the issues posed by the production of one kind of food, farmed Atlantic salmon, as a means of illustrating the complexity, interconnectedness and high-data requirements involved in assessing whether a given industry is sustainable. These issues are explored using the three commonly accepted a...

Eivind Oug, and Marit E. Christiansen, and Kristine Dobbe, and Ann-Helén Rønning, and Torkild Bakken, and Jon A. Kongsrud

Data from large sampling programmes for the mapping of marine invertebrates in the Oslofjord, Norway, and the Skagerrak, spanning more than six decades, are compiled and digitized to provide easy access in modern data repositories. Two sampling programmes undertaken in the period 1950–55 are still the most extensive mapping of marine benthic fauna in the area. Information from a total of more than 900 localities, or sampling events, covering all benthic habitats in the Oslofjord and coastal wat...