Ignacio Clemente Conte, and Teresa Orozco Köhler

<p>The uniqueness of a polished tool recovered from the neolithic levels of the prehistoric site of Costamar (Castellón, Spain) raised a detailed analysis of both the nature of the support, which has been identified as a sea shell concerning the species <em>Spondylus gaederopus</em>, as traces of use preserved at the edge that allows us to define the tool as an adze.</p>

Alison L Spongberg

Twenty-nine marine sediment samples collected from 1996 through 2002 from the Golfo Dulce embayment of Costa Rica were analyzed for PCB concentrations. The Esquinas River and Rincon Bay in the northern and western part of the gulf had relatively low overall concentrations of PCBs, with no samples having greater than 2.1 µg/g dw sediment. The Port of Golfito had the highest overall concentrations, ranging up to 15.7 µg/g dw sediment. These samples were also dominated by higher chlorinated congene...

Jaime Ferreira da Silva

With the accession to the European Union, Portugal became part of an area that has been moving towards greater economic and political integration. In this process, Member States have delegated part of their powers to European institutions, hoping that decisions on matters of joint interest can be made more effectively at European level. However, the current economic and financial crisis has revealed weaknesses in the European construction process that have highlighted the difficulties in achievi...

J. M. Holstein, and K. W. Wirtz

The redox succession in shallow marine sediments generally exhibits a predictable pattern. Pore water profiles from a back barrier tidal flat in the German Wadden Sea depart from the expected redox zoning. Instead, a sulfate minimum zone associated with a sulfate-methane-sulfate double interface and a distinct ammonium peak at 1.5 m below sea floor (mbsf) is displayed. Such evidence for significant degradation of organic matter (OM) in subsurface layers is challenging our understanding of tidal ...

A. R. de Mesquita, and J Harari

<abstract language="eng">Four years data of temperature from the coastal areas of Santos and Cananeia are analysed in continuation of part I of this work. Earlier tidal wave theories for coastal areas and some basic processes on the determination of Nz are summarized. Seasonal variations of temperature are found to obey approximately a general harmonic law of propagation with depth and from it estimates of the mean annual values of N are obtained. These estimates (preliminaries) seem to indicate...

C. Viswanathan, and T.V. Suresh, and V. Elumalai, et al.

Study on the occurrence and distribution of unusual crab species is a matter of fascination for carcinalogists. The present study reports the recurrence of a marine brachyuran crab species Parapanope euagora, of the family Galenidae, after a long period along the East coast of India. During a routine survey, three female ovigerous specimens are caught from Parangipettai coastal waters, southeast coast of India. From the results, after more than ten decades, the species, Parapanope euagora has re...

Robie Allan Bombardelli, and Lilian Carolina Rosa da Silva, and Lilian Dena dos Santos, and Francisco Messias Alves Filho, and Fábio Meurer

Foram conduzidos dois ensaios experimentais com o objetivo de determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, proteína bruta e energia bruta da alga marrom Ascophyllum nodosum e seu nível de inclusão em rações úmidas para alevinos de tilápia do Nilo. No ensaio de digestibilidade foram utilizados 40 peixes com peso médio de 74,75±4,0g. Para a determinação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade, as fezes foram coletadas em cubas de reprodução de fundo cônico (200L) adaptada pa...

M G Deo, and P V Pawar, and S R Kanetkar, and S V Kakade

Background and Objectives: Urban and rural India are both going through health epidemiological transition and will soon face huge burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Information on the status of NCDs in tribals is limited. Although the prevalence of hypertension in scheduled tribes (STs) has been studied in several states by the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau, tribe-specific data are very scanty. The objective of this study was to generate data on the status of hypertension and diab...

Steinberg Seth M, and Linehan W Marston, and Herrin Vincent E, and Gause Barry, and Toubaji Antoun, and Ibrahim Ramy, and Ashtar Ed, and Rahma Osama E, and Grollman Frank, and Grimes George, and Bernstein Sarah A, and Berzofsky Jay A, and Khleif Samir N

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Due to the lack of specific tumor antigens, the majority of tested cancer vaccines for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are based on tumor cell lysate. The identification of the <it>von Hippel-Lindau </it>(<it>VHL</it>) gene mutations in RCC patients provided the potential for developing a novel targeted vaccine for RCC. In this pilot study, we tested the feasibility of vaccinating advanced RCC patients with the corresponding mutant VHL peptides.</p> <p>Methods</p>...

Voltmer-Irsch Susanne, and Pan Jie, and Schwarz Valentin, and Hutter Harald

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgCAMs) form one of the largest and most diverse families of adhesion molecules and receptors in the nervous system. Many members of this family mediate contact and communication among neurons during development. The <it>Caenorhabditis elegans </it>genome contains a comparatively small number of IgCAMs, most of which are evolutionarily conserved and found across all animal phyla. Only some of these ha...

Obeid Joyce, and Kean Walter, and Boulos Pauline, and Schabort Inge, and Chan David, and Bayoumi Imaan, and Bobba Raja, and Beattie Karen A, and McCallum Ruth, and Ioannidis George, and Papaioannou Alexandra, and Cividino Alfred

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>As the proportion of the Canadian population ≥65 grows, so too does the prevalence of musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions. Approximately 20% of visits to family physicians occur as a result of MSK complaints. The GALS (Gait, Arms, Legs, and Spine) screening examination was developed to assist in the detection of MSK abnormalities. Although MSK exams are primarily performed by rheumatologists or other MSK specialists, expanding their use in primary health care ma...

Marek Nieoczym, and Janusz Kloskowski

<p>Size relationships between fish and organisms from adjacent trophic levels are crucial for predicting the structure and dynamics of aquatic ecosystems. We compared macroinvertebrate communities along a fish-size gradient created by separate stocking of three age cohorts of common carp <em>Cyprinus carpio</em> in semi-natural ponds. The specific size range of fish (small, medium and large) corresponding to fish age in ponds was the factor most strongly associated with macroinvertebrate composi...

Aekabut Sirijampa, and Settapat Chinviriyasit, and Wirawan Chinviriyasit

This paper investigates the stability and Hopf bifurcation of SEIR delay model with logistic growth. Firstly, the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium point are analyzed. For the study of the stability of the equilibrium point time delay (τ) was chosen as the bifurcation parameter. By considering the roots of characteristic equations, it was found that disease-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable for all τ ≥ 0 . The endemic equilibrium of the model is conditionally stable. H...

Zufall Rebecca A, and Long Hongan

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Most free-living ciliates reproduce by equal fission or budding during vegetative growth. In certain ciliates, reproduction occurs inside the cyst wall, <it>viz</it>. reproductive cysts, but more complex reproductive strategies have generally been thought to be confined to parasitic or symbiotic species, e.g. <it>Radiophrya </it>spp.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In addition to equal fission, asymmetric binary division and reproductive cysts were discovered in the fr...

Shelton Amy L, and Borghesani Paul R, and Cherrier Monique M, and Higano Celestia S

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>A common treatment option for men with prostate cancer is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). However, men undergoing ADT may experience physical side effects, changes in quality of life and sometimes psychiatric and cognitive side effects.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In this study, hormone naïve patients without evidence of metastases with a rising PSA were treated with nine months of ADT. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain during three visu...

Martha V. Douglas-Escobar, and Martha V. Douglas-Escobar, and Shelley C. Heaton, and Jeffrey Allan Bennett, and Linda J Young, and Olena eGlushakova, and Xiaohui eXu, and Daphna Yasova Barbeau, and Candice eRossignol, and Cindy eMiller, and Alissa M Old Crow, and Ronald L Hayes, and Michael D. Weiss

Objective - We examined two potential biomarkers of brain damage in HIE neonates: glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; a marker of gliosis) and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1; a marker of neuronal injury). We hypothesized the biomarkers would be measurable in cord blood of healthy neonates and could serve as a normative reference for brain injury in HIE infants. Further, we hypothesized that serum samples of HIE neonates would have higher levels and would correlate with brain damage...

A. B. A. Slangen, and R. S. W. van de Wal, and Y. Wada, and L. L. A. Vermeersen

Although the global mean sea-level budget for the 20th century can now be closed, the understanding of sea-level change on a regional scale is still limited. In this study we compare observations from tide gauges to regional patterns from various contributions to sea-level change to see how much of the regional measurements can be explained. Processes that are included are land ice mass changes and terrestrial storage changes with associated gravitational, rotational and deformational effects, s...

Xuefeng eWang

H. Fischer, and A. Pozzer, and T. Schmitt, and P. Jöckel, and T. Klippel, and D. Taraborrelli, and J. Lelieveld

In the OOMPH (Ocean Organics Modifying Particles in both Hemispheres) project a ship measurement cruise took place in the late austral summer from 01 to 23 March 2007. The French research vessel <I>Marion Dufresne</I> sailed from Punta Arenas, Chile (70.85° W, 53.12° S), to Réunion island (55.36° E, 21.06° S) across the South Atlantic Ocean. In situ measurements of hydrogen peroxide, methylhydroperoxide and ozone were performed and are compared to simulations with the atmospheric chemistry globa...

Koichi Ara

Diel and seasonal variations in abundance, population structure, biomass and production rate of the planktonic calanoid copepod Temora turbinata were studied in the Cananéia Lagoon estuarine system, São Paulo, Brazil. Zooplankton sample collections were carried out at 4-h intervals over multiple 24-h periods, from February 1995 to January 1996. Temora turbinata was present in the plankton all year round (temperature, 18.6-29.6°C; salinity, 8-33 psu; chlorophyll a concentration, 1.32-15.33 µg l-1...

Y. Buermann, and H.H. Du Preez, and G.J. Steyn, and J.T. Harmse, and A. Deacon

Silt loads in the Olifants and Sabie river systems inside the Kruger National Park, were monitored by collecting water samples every consecutive week for a period of 20 months. The variation in silt concentration, changes in selected physico-chemical water quality variables and fish mortalities during flushing (i.e. release of silt, by sluicing) of the Phalaborwa Barrage, were also monitored. The Olifants River inside the Kruger National Park carried high silt loads in summer; in the dry season ...

El-Sayed M. Younis, and Abdullah S. Al-Quffail, and Nasser A. Al-Asgah, and Abdel-Wahab A. Abdel-Warith, and Yousef S. Al-Hafedh

A 12-week long feeding experiment was initiated to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of red algae, Gracilaria arcuata, on the growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758). The fish were fed with an algae-free control diet (C) and three experimental diets which replaced conventional fish meal with varying levels of dried G. arcuata (20%, 40% and 60%, represented as G20, G40 and G60, respectively). The growth paramete...

L. H. Smedsrud, and M. H. Halvorsen, and J. C. Stroeve, and R. Zhang, and K. Kloster

A new long-term data record of Fram Strait sea ice area export from 1935 to 2014 is developed using a combination of satellite radar images and station observations of surface pressure across Fram Strait. This data record shows that the long-term annual mean export is about 880 000 km², representing 10 % of the sea-ice-covered area inside the basin. The time series has large interannual and multi-decadal variability but no long-term trend. However, during the last decades, the amount ...

Fawzy Hassan Abdel-Kader

The study examines a digital soil mapping approach for the production of soil maps by using multinomial logistic regression on soil and terrain information at pilot sites in the Northwestern Coastal region of Egypt. The aim is to reproduce the original map and predict soil distribution in the adherent landscape. Reference soil maps produced by conventional methods at Omayed and Nagamish areas were used. Spectral and terrain parameters were calculated and logit models of the soil classes were dev...

Yavuz Hakan Ozdemir, and Baris Barlas

In this study, the numerical investigation of ship motions and added resistance at constant forward velocity of KVLCC2 model is presented. Finite volume CFD code is used to calculate three dimensional, incompressible, unsteady RANS equations. Numerical computations show that reliable numerical results can be obtained in head waves. In the numerical analyses, body attached mesh method is used to simulate the ship motions. Free surface is simulated by using VOF method. The relationship between the...

Jordi Rull Lluch

The first comprehensive study of the marine algal flora of Namibia including descriptions and illustrations of most species is presented. The main objective of this work is to report a flora that, until now, has scarcely been studied. The work compiles all the available information on the marine benthic flora of Namibia and provides new data about it composition and biogeography, as well as detailed descriptions and remarks of most of its species. The samples on which this study is based were co...

J. Hill, and E. E. Popova, and D. A. Ham, and M. D. Piggott, and M. Srokosz

An outstanding problem in biogeochemical modelling of the ocean is that many of the key processes occur intermittently at small scales, such as the sub-mesoscale, that are not well represented in global ocean models. This is partly due to their failure to resolve sub-mesoscale phenomena, which play a significant role in vertical nutrient supply. Simply increasing the resolution of the models may be an inefficient computational solution to this problem. An approach based on recent advances in ada...

Benjamin Mueller, and Erik H. Meesters, and Fleur C. van Duyl

Photosynthates released by benthic primary producers (BPP), such as reef algae and scleractinian corals, fuel the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) production on tropical coral reefs. DOC concentrations near BPP have repeatedly been observed to be elevated compared to those in the surrounding water column. As the DOC release of BPP increases with increasing light availability, elevated DOC concentrations near them will, in part, also depend on light availability. Consequently, DOC concentrations ar...

Daoning Zhang, and Yan Zhao, and Changchun Zeng, and Wanhong Chen, and Tianfang Wang

Objective: To explore the effect of anger on pulse parameters in healthy participants. Methods: Thirty healthy college students from Beijing University of Chinese Medicine were selected as volunteers. Each participant was asked to watch an anger-inducing film clip. Their discrete emotional dimensions were assessed by a self-report at three time points: 10 minutes before watching the video (T1), the moment when the video ended (T2) and 15 minutes after the video ended (T3). Meanwhile, pulse-graph...

Jae-Deok Jung, and Suk-Yoon Hong, and Jee-Hun Song, and Hyun-Wung Kwon, and Won-Ho Joo, and Sung-Hoon Kim

Recently, regulations pertaining to the noise and vibration environment of offshore plants have been strengthened. For example, the NORSOK standards have been applied, which are very strict regulations that are comparable to those applied to passenger ships. Furthermore, the use of porous materials, such as those used in most of the current insulating panels, has been forbidden. Therefore, honeycomb-backed Micro-Perforated Plates (MPPs) are now regarded as next-generation absorber materials. Thi...

Raquel O. Cristóvão, and Cidália M. Botelho, and Ramiro J.E. Martins, and José M. Loureiro, and Rui A.R. Boaventura

A sequence with three stages was optimized as a primary treatment for wastewaters from a fish canning industry of northern Portugal. Sedimentation tests were assessed at different times. The removal of a high fraction (75%) of oil and grease (O&G) and of some (48%) total suspended solids (TSS) occurred after a settling time of 1.5 h. Coagulant dosage and pH value were optimized in the coagulation/flocculation treatment using several organic and inorganic coagulants. Best removal efficiencies (99...

Mahdeah Tahmasebi, and Saber khodabandeh

Background: The marine environment is anexceptional reservoir of bioactive natural products, many of them exhibit structural/chemical features that not found in terrestrial natural products.Glycosaminoglycans are one of this various bioactive compounds. Heparin, as a well known glycosaminoglycan, is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan that has natural anticoagulant properties. Heparin and heparin-like compounds are used as anticoagulants in many aspects of medicine. However, for two main reasons: 1. Co...

Andi Istiayulianingsih, and Asmawati Asmawati

Seaweed is one of  natural resource beneath the sea has many benefits. Its contain has potential to used as medicine in dentistry, one of which is anti-inflammatory.  Inflammation is  response that appears when trauma, infection and tissue injury occurs. Sulphated polysaccharide in brown algae can be inhibit diseases associated with inflammation. The purpose of this study is to identify anti-inflammatory effect of extract brown seaweed Sargassum sp. to mice. This study used 18 male mices weighin...

L. Zhou, and S. Xu, and J. Liu, and B. Wang, and B. Wang

The accurate knowledge of sea ice parameters, including sea ice thickness and snow depth over the sea ice cover, is key to both climate studies and data assimilation in operational forecasts. Large-scale active and passive remote sensing is the basis for the estimation of these parameters. In traditional altimetry or the retrieval of snow depth with passive microwave remote sensing, although the sea ice thickness and the snow depth are closely related, the retrieval of one parameter is usu...

Carlos Eduardo Bento Fernandes, and Claudemir Martins Soares, and Carmino Hayashi, and Carlos Henrique Figueiredo Lacerda

The experiment aimed to study the influence of the aquatic plants <em>E. najas, P. stratiotes</em> and S. <em> auriculata</em> on the predation of P. <em>mesopotamicus</em> larvae by P. <em>flavescens</em>. One hundred and twenty larvae of P. <em> mesopotamicus </em>and 24 larvae of P. <em> flavescens</em> were placed in 24 aquariums with capacity of 12 L, with one Odonate per aquarium. Treatments were different regarding the species of aquatic plants E<em>. najas, S. auriculata </em>and P. <em>...

Verena Rapp de Eston, and Alvaro Esteves Migotto, and Eurico Cabral de Oliveira Filho, and Sergio de Almeida Rodrigues, and Jose Carlos de Freitas

Qualitative samples of flora and fauna were collected in several points, from the supralittoral fringe down to 30 m, using mainly aqualungs. Species distribution and abundance were determined along four transects, up to 200 m long, in selected places. Samples were taken from 25 x 25 cm quadrats positioned at fixed intervals along the transects down to a variable depth, depending on algal percentage cover and their substrate. The intertidal zone was populated essentially by molluscs. The subtidal...

Luís André Sampaio, and Marcelo Borges Tesser, and Wilson Wasielesky Júnior

A piscicultura marinha é um setor pouco desenvolvido na maricultura brasileira. Por vários anos foi avaliado o potencial de cultivo de algumas espécies como o robalo-peva Centropomus parallelus e o linguado Paralichtys orbignyanus. Entretanto, somente a partir do investimento sobre o bijupirá Rachycentron canadum é que empresas privadas passaram a demonstrar maior interesse na atividade. Além dos sistemas tradicionais de piscicultura, o bijupirá pode ser criado em tanques-rede oceânicos. Esta es...

Ranganath N Nayak, and P T Dixitraj, and Aarati Nayak, and Kishore Bhat

Aim: This study aimed at evaluating the anti-microbial activity of spore powder of Ganoderma lucidum on Prevotella intermedia isolated from subgingival plaque from chronic periodontitis patients. Settings and Design: Written informed consent was obtained from each subject enrolled in the study. The Institutional Ethics Committee granted the ethical clearance for the study. Materials and Methods: This study included 20 patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. Pooled subgingival plaque samp...

Caroline COOKE, and Irene CARR, and Keith ABRAMS, and John MAYBERRY

Objectives - Arrowroot is an old-fashioned remedy for diarrhoea, but no clinical studies have been done to evaluate its effectiveness. The aim of this pilot study was to assess its efficacy as a treatment for diarrhoea in 11 patients, all of whom had irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea as a feature. Methods - The patients were interviewed and a questionnaire completed on entry into the trial. They then took 10 mL arrowroot powder three times a day for one month and discontinued the treatment...

Rodrigo Teske, and Elvio Giasson

A área útil efetiva é um parâmetro importante na aquisição de terras e planejamento do florestamento. A finalidade desta pesquisa foi gerar mapas preditores de áreas aptas ao plantio de eucalipto usando regressões logísticas binárias e variáveis geomorfométricas. As relações entre as variáveis preditoras e as áreas aptas para plantio de eucalipto foram modeladas e a variável que melhor explicou a ocorrência de áreas para plantio foi a distância dos rios. O mapa gerado apresentando as áreas aptas...

A. Cattaneo, and N. Babonneau, and G. Ratzov, and G. Dan-Unterseh, and K. Yelles, and R. Bracène, and B. Mercier de Lépinay, and A. Boudiaf, and J. Déverchère

Shaking by moderate to large earthquakes in the Mediterranean Sea has proved in the past to potentially trigger catastrophic sediment collapse and flow. On 21 May 2003, a magnitude 6.8 earthquake located near Boumerdès (central Algerian coast) triggered large turbidity currents responsible for 29 submarine cable breaks at the foot of the continental slope over ~150 km from west to east. Seafloor bathymetry and backscatter imagery show the potential imprints of the 2003 event and of previous even...

M. Nehir, and M. Koçak

Aerosol and rain sampling in two size fractions was carried out at a rural site located on the coast of the eastern Mediterranean, Erdemli, Turkey (36°33′54′′ N, 34°15′18′′ E). A total of 674 aerosol samples in two size fractions (337 coarse, 337 fine) and 23 rain samples were collected between March 2014 and April 2015. Samples were analyzed for NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺ and ancillary water-soluble ions using ion chromatography and water-soluble total nitrogen...

T. Vihma, and R. Pirazzini, and I. Fer, and I. A. Renfrew, and J. Sedlar, and M. Tjernström, and C. Lüpkes, and T. Nygård, and D. Notz, and J. Weiss, and D. Marsan, and B. Cheng, and G. Birnbaum, and S. Gerland, and D. Chechin, and J. C. Gascard

No abstract available.

Patricia Hildebrand, and Werner Königschulte, and Tilman Jakob Gaber, and Sarah Bubenzer-Busch, and Katrin Helmbold, and Caroline Sarah Biskup, and Karl-Josef Langen, and Gereon Rudolf Fink, and Florian Daniel Zepf

Background: The synthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) in the brain can be directly altered by dietary manipulation of their relevant precursor amino acids (AA). There is evidence that altered serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission are both associated with impaired attentional control. Specifically, phasic alertness is one specific aspect of attention that has been linked to changes in 5-HT and DA availability in different neurocircuitries related to atten...

Na Yang, and Na Yang, and Chaomin Sun, and Chaomin Sun

Vibrio sp. is the most serious pathogen in marine aquaculture, and the development of anti-Vibrio agents is urgently needed. However, it is extreme lack of high-throughput screening (HTS) model for searching anti-Vibrio compounds. Here, we established a protein-based HTS screening model to identify agents targeting peptide deformylase (PDF) of Vibrio anguillarum. To find potential anti-Vibrio compounds, crude extracts derived from marine actinomycetes were applied for screening with this model. ...

Paulo Roberto Pagliosa, and Mauricio Cantor, and Fernando Scherner, and Mariana Beatriz Paz Otegui, and Aurea Luiza Lemes-Silva, and Cintia Dalcuche Leal Martins, and Giorgia Freitas Alves, and Alessandra Fonseca, and Paulo Antunes Horta Jr

Artificial habitats have become common in coastal areas worldwide and may influence the structure and functioning of benthic ecosystems. We analyze the influence of piers on the benthic morphofunctional groups of rocky seaweeds and of soft bottom macrofauna in the channel of Conceição Lagoon (southern Brazil). The main impact is a reduction in the luminosity available for photosynthetic activity which is directly related to a decrease in the biomasses of sediment microphytobenthos and of more hi...

V. A. Semenov, and M. Latif

The Arctic has featured the strongest surface warming over the globe during the recent decades, and the temperature increase has been accompanied by a rapid decline in sea ice extent. However, little is known about Arctic sea ice change during the early twentieth century warming (ETCW) during 1920–1940, also a period of a strong surface warming, both globally and in the Arctic. Here, we investigate the sensitivity of Arctic winter surface air temperature (SAT) to sea ice during 1875–2008 by mean...

L. E. R. Tavares, and J. L. Luque, and A. J. A. Bicudo

Between October 2001 and March 2002, 103 specimens of A. tricolor from Angra dos Reis (23&deg;01'S, 44&deg;19'W), in the coastal zone of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were analyzed in order to study their metazoan parasite infracommunities. Ten species of metazoan parasites were collected: 4 digeneans, 1 cestode, 1 acantocephalan, 2 nematodes, 1 copepod, and 1 hirudinean; 77.7% of the fishes were parasitized by one or more metazoan, with a mean of 3.5 &plusmn; 6.2 parasite/fish. Digenean ...

José Luis Gómez-Márquez, and Bertha Peña-Mendoza, and Isaías H Salgado-Ugarte, and Abby K Sánchez-Herrera, and Leonardo Sastré-Baez

A reproductive analysis of 1 225 specimens of Poeciliopsis gracilis obtained through monthly samples from Coatetelco, a tropical shallow lake in Central Mexico, was made. There was an evident sexual dimorphism, including a difference in body size at the onset of reproduction. Sex ratio deviated significantly from unity. Monthly variations in gonadosomatic (GSI), hepatosomatic (HSI) indexes and ovarian development stages showed that the spawning season was from July to October, coinciding with th...

Stone BA, and Lemon TI

Benjamin AT Stone, Thomas I LemonSchool of Medicine, Institute of Medical Education, Cardiff University, Cardiff, WalesWe thank the authors of "Use of certainty-based marking in a second-year medical student cohort: a pilot study"1 for their pilot study, we agree this is an interesting area that warrants further investigation. Schoendorfer and Emmett1 aimed to assess student opinion of certainty-based marking (CBM) as a method of improving current curricula and explore the effectiveness of its i...