Samuel L. Tutin, and Richard J. Butler

Plesiosaurs were a highly successful group of marine reptiles occurring worldwide in the Jurassic and Cretaceous, but to date few studies have focused on their preservation through time. Here, we conduct the first detailed assessment of the quality of the plesiosaur fossil record. Data was compiled for 178 specimens representing 114 valid species. For each species we calculated the character completeness metric (CCM: percentage of phylogenetic characters from a cladistic dataset that can be sco...

CWC. Branco, and B. Kozlowsky-Suzuki, and FA. Esteves

The Imboassica lagoon, located in the Municipality of Macaé (RJ), is separated from the sea by a sand bar, and its surroundings are partially occupied by residential areas. This coastal lagoon has undergone environmental degradation due to sewage input and artificial sand bar openings. The temporal and spatial variation of environmental variables and zooplankton were studied monthly for four years. There were five artificial openings of the sand bar during the period of study, mostly in the rain...

Ramalingam Vijayakumar, and Kuzhanthaivel Raja, and Vijayapoopathi Singaravel, and Ayyaru Gopalakrishnan

Objective: To describe and observe four types of neoplasms on different parts (external and internal organs) of an Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer). Methods: The sample was collected from local fish landing center (south east coast of India). Histopathology of normal and tumour tissues were analyzed. Results: A total of 83 tumour masses (neoplasm) were recorded on the fish skin, also the neoplasms were recorded in internal organs of fish such as liver, stomach and ovary. Conclusions: Aeti...

Alcides Goularti Filho

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever e analisar a trajetória da marinha mercante e da construção naval Brasileira e Mexicana a partir do final do século XIX até os anos 1970; numa perspectiva da história econômica. O foco principal está concentrado nos aspectos institucionais, produtivo e político, com ênfase no papel do Estado no incentivo ao desenvolvimento do setor de navegação. Além da introdução e das considerações finais, o texto está dividido em três tópicos. O primeiro analisa as diferenç...

AA Acosta, and RJ Silva

AbstractThis study reports for the first time infection with Hysterothylacium sp. larvae in the ornamental fish Hyphessobrycon eques from the Paranapanema River, Jurumirim Reservoir, São Paulo State, Brazil. A sample of 33 specimens of H. eques was collected in October, 2011. Four specimens of H. eques were parasitized by Hysterothylacium sp. larvae in the intestine and coelomic cavity, with prevalence of 12.1%, mean intensity of infection of 1, and mean abundance of 0.121 ± 0.05. A total of 40 ...

FC. Ferreira, and M. Petrere Jr.

The effect of anthropic alterations such as drain discharge on a fish community was studied in the Ribeirão Claro River, municipality of Rio Claro, State of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Samples were made monthly in three different points along the river (headwaters, mid course, and confluence) between December, 2003 and March, 2004, which is the reproductive period for the majority of the species. The fish community of the Ribeirão Claro River showed a fair composition and diversity, with spe...

Carlos Sérgio Agostinho, and Angelo Antônio Agostinho, and Fernando Pelicice, and Deusimar Augusto de Almeida, and Elineide Eugênio Marques

Although dozens of fish ladders have been constructed at dams of Brazilian reservoirs, there are few studies evaluating their efficiency as a tool for the conservation of Neotropical ichthyofauna, especially for migratory species. Therefore, the present study evaluated the selectivity of the species that entered and ascended the fish ladder located next to Lajeado Dam (Luis Eduardo Magalhães Hydroelectric Power Plant) on the Tocantins River. Samples were taken monthly from November, 2002 through...

Evan J. Williams, and Katherine J. Baines, and Joanne M. Smart, and Peter G. Gibson, and Lisa G. Wood

Background/Aims: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by airway inflammation, in which contributes to loss of lung function. Systemic inflammation is also a feature of COPD contributing to many associated co-morbidities. Statins, omega-3 fatty acids (docosahexanoic acid, DHA and eicosapentanoic acid, EPA) and lycopene have been shown to decrease systemic inflammation; however their combined effects have not been investigated. This study aims to identify changes in system...

Liming Chen, and Fengjun Lu, and Xiaohong Lee

<p class="Default"><strong><em>Purpose</em></strong>: The purpose of this paper investigates the subject behavior of Energy conservation and emission reduction (ECER) based on structured classification of the organization types of FLF supply chain, and explores reasonable behavior incentive mechanism for ECER of FLF supply chain in China.</p> <p class="Default"><strong><em>Design/methodology/approach</em></strong>: This paper classifies the organization subjects of FLF supply chain, and differen...

Paula S.M. eCelis-Plá, and Paula S.M. eCelis-Plá, and Jason M. Hall-Spencer, and Paulo eHorta, and Marco eMilazzo, and Nathalie eKorbee, and Christopher E. Cornwall, and Christopher E. Cornwall, and Félix L. Figueroa

Ocean acidification may benefit algae that are able to capitalise on increased carbon availability for photosynthesis but is expected to have adverse effects on calcified algae through dissolution. Shifts in dominance between primary producers will have knock-on effects on marine ecosystems and will likely vary regionally, depending on factors such as irradiance (light vs shade) and nutrient levels (oligotrophic vs eutrophic). Thus experiments are needed to evaluate interactive effects of combin...

M. Egüen, and M. J. Polo, and Z. Gulliver, and E. Contreras, and C. Aguilar, and M. A. Losada

Spain is one of the world's countries with a large number of reservoirs per inhabitant. This intense regulation of the fluvial network during the 20th century has resulted in a decrease in flood events, a higher availability of water resources, and a high development of the irrigated crop area, even in the drier regions. For decades, flood perception was reduced since the development of reservoirs protected the floodplains of river; this resulted in later occupation of soil by urban, agric...

María José Tavares Ranzani-Paiva, and Carlos Massatoshi Ishikawa, and Benedicto do Espírito-Santo de Campos, and Augusta Cocuzza das Eiras

This study involved 344 Mullets, Mugil platanus Günther, 1880, captured in the estuarine region of Cananeia, São Paulo, Brazil (25º00'S, 47º55'W). The following data were recorded for each fish: total weight, total length, haemoglobin ratio (Hb), haematocrit (Ht), erythrocyte count (Er), differential leucocyte count (lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils and "other cells") and haematometric indices; MCV, MCH, and MCHC. The sex and stage of gonadal maturity (undifferentiated, juvenile, r...

Olivia Namusisi, and Juliet N Sekandi, and Simon Kasasa, and Peter Wasswa, and Nicholas T Kamara, and Medard Bitekyerezo, and Placid Mihayo, and Sheba N Gitta, and David Mukanga

<0.0001) and (30.7 vs. 13%; p<0.0001) respectively. Overweight, obesity and hypertension were more prevalent in women (18.6% vs. 9.7%, 8.6% vs. 2.6%; p<0.0001, and 40.3% vs. 33%, p=0.018) respectively. CONCLUSION: This pilot project shows that use of hospital-based data is a valuable initial step in setting up surveillance systems for NCDs in Uganda. Risk factors for NCDs were both age and gender-specific and predominantly related to lifestyle. This suggests the need to design gender-sensitive p...

Carolina Bastidas, and David Bone, and Aldo Croquer, and Denise Debrot, and Elia Garcia, and Adriana Humanes, and Ruth Ramos, and Sebastian Rodríguez

Thermal anomalies have become more severe, frequent and well-documented across the Caribbean for the past 30 years. This increase in temperature has caused coral bleaching resulting in reef decline. At Los Roques National Park, Venezuela, temperature has been monitored at four reef sites. In mid-September 2010, seawater temperature reached 30.85°C at 5 m depth in Los Roques, an archipelago only slightly affected by previous bleaching events. For example, bleaching in Los Roques in 2005 was mild ...

Silvia Tereza Azedo Loureiro, and Maria Auxiliadora de Queiroz Cavalcanti, and Rejane Pereira Neves, and José Zanon de Oliveira Passavante

The aim of this work was to isolate and identify yeasts from sand and sea water collected in two beaches of Olinda, Pernambuco state, Brazil. Thirty two samples of both sand and water in both beaches were obtained in the dry (December 2000 and February 2001) and rainy (June and July 2001) seasons. Two hundred and ninety two strains of yeast were obtained, and they belonged to four genera and 31 species. Candida was the most prevalent genus. Candida catenulata, C. fenica, C. sake, Brettanomyces b...

Tiago Pereira Brito

Fishing has a great importance to the socioeconomic development of the Amazonian riparian communities, which have a local knowledge on the environment, its fauna and flora. This knowledge is of paramount importance for the management and conservation of fish stocks and species that interact with the fishing activity, such as the populations of gray porpoises (Sotalia sp.) and pink porpoises (Inia geoffrensis). Therefore, to register local ecological knowledge and the interaction of porpoises wit...

K. R. N. Anthony, and G. Diaz-Pulido, and N. Verlinden, and B. Tilbrook, and A. J. Andersson

Ocean acidification is a threat to marine ecosystems globally. In shallow-water systems, however, ocean acidification can be masked by benthic carbon fluxes, depending on community composition, seawater residence time, and the magnitude and balance of net community production (NCP) and calcification (NCC). Here, we examine how six benthic groups from a coral reef environment on Heron Reef (Great Barrier Reef, Australia) contribute to changes in the seawater aragonite saturation state (&Omega;<su...

Marty Hinz, and Alvin Stein, and Thomas Uncini

Marty Hinz1, Alvin Stein2, Thomas Uncini31Clinical Research, NeuroResearch Clinics, Inc., Cape Coral, FL, USA; 2Stein Orthopedic Associates, Plantation, FL, USA; 3DBS Labs, Duluth, MN, USAPurpose: A novel method for differentiating and treating bipolar disorder cycling on the depressive pole from patients who are suffering a major depressive episode is explored in this work. To confirm the diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 bipolar disorder, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (...

Judith S. WEIS, Allison CANDELMO

Fish behavior can be altered by contaminants. There is an extensive literature on laboratory behavioral assays, with many chemicals impairing feeding or predator avoidance. However, there is not extensive work on fishes that live in contaminated environments. Therefore, we then review our recent research on feeding and trophic relations of populations from contaminated estuaries compared with relatively unpolluted sites. The mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus, is a non-migratory fish; those from mo...

Martha A. Perera-Garcia, and Manuel Mendoza-Carranza, and Wilfrido Contreras-Sánchez, and Allyse Ferrara, and Maricela Huerta-Ortiz, and Raúl E. Hernández-Gómez

Common snook Centropomus unidecimalis is an important commercial and fishery species in Southern Mexico, however the high exploitation rates have resulted in a strong reduction of its abundances. Since, the information about its population structure is scarce, the objective of the present research was to determine and compare the age structure in four important fishery sites. For this, age and growth of common snook were determined from specimens collected monthly, from July 2006 to March 2008, ...

Carlos Eduardo Bento Fernandes, and Eliana Maria Galdioli, and Carmino Hayashi, and Nandeyara Ribeiro Marques

Objetivou-se avaliar a seleção alimentar de organismos-alimento por formas jovens de pacu (<em>Piaractus mesopotamicus</em>) e curimba (<em>Prochilodus lineatus</em>) com diferentes idades (6, 12, 19 e 26 dias), na presença e ausência de <em>Pistia stratiotes</em>. Foram utilizados quatro tratamentos (T1 = pacu + <em>P. stratiotes</em>; T2 = pacu; T3 = curimba + <em>P. stratiotes</em>; T4 = curimba) e quatro repetições. A cada sete dias, foram coletadas 24 larvas de cada espécie de peixe dos tan...

Elias Pacheco Coelho, and Vânia Soares Alves, and Max Luiz Lopes Soneghet, and Fábio de Souza Carvalho

<abstract language="eng">Marine birds were surveyed between Rio de Janeiro and Bahia, latitudes 24º44'S and 17º50'S, from July to September 1984. Sixteen species were recorded belonging to six families, with most sightings occurring between 24º44'S and 22º3$'S. Data suggest two distinct communities, the more southerly one is represented by Daption capense and the one further north by Puffinus gravis.

Tomislav Badel, and Sandra Kocijan Lovko, and Dijana Podoreški, and Ivana Savić Pavčin, and Josipa Kern

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of splint treatment for therapy of osteoarthritis of temporomandibular joint, and to compare the level of anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory,STAI) and clinical characteristics between 16 patients and 20 asymptomatic dental school students. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used for all subjects. Dental students showed a statistically signiicant higher capacity of mouth opening (p<0.05), and lower level of anxiety (p<0.05 for STAI 1, and p<0.00...

A. Kreuter, and A. Kreuter, and M. Blumthaler, and M. Tiefengraber, and M. Tiefengraber, and R. Kift, and A. R. Webb

We present a unique case study of the spectral sky radiance distribution above a coastline. Results are shown from a measurement campaign in Italy involving three diode array spectroradiometers which are compared to 3-D model simulations from the Monte Carlo model MYSTIC. On the coast, the surrounding is split into two regions, a diffusely reflecting land surface and a water surface which features a highly anisotropic reflectance function. The reflectivities and hence the resulting radianc...

Jiun-Yan eDing, and Jia-Ho eShiu, and Wen-Ming eChen, and Yin-Ru eChiang, and Sen-Lin eTang

The bacterial genus <i>Endozoicomonas</i> was commonly detected in healthy corals in many coral-associated bacteria studies in the past decade. Although it is likely to be a core member of coral microbiota, little is known about its ecological roles. To decipher potential interactions between bacteria and their coral hosts, we sequenced and investigated the first culturable endozoicomonal bacterium from coral, the <i>E. montiporae</i> CL-33^T. Its genome had potential sign of ongoing g...

Dominik Tomczyk

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Naohisa Wada, and Frederic J. Pollock, and Bette L. Willis, and Tracy Ainsworth, and Nobuhiro Mano, and David G. Bourne

In situ visualization of microbial communities within their natural habitats provides a powerful approach to explore complex interactions between microorganisms and their macroscopic hosts. Specifically, the application of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to simultaneously identify and visualize diverse microbial taxa associated with coral hosts, including symbiotic algae (Symbiodinium), Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi and protists, could help untangle the structure and function of these diver...

Gabriella Guasticchi, and Paolo Giorgi Rossi, and Giuliano Lori, and Stefano Genio, and Stefania Gabriele, and Piero Borgia

<p><strong>Introduction</strong>: Syndromic surveillance arose from the need for rapid identification of unexpected clusters of a disease. The emergecy department is considered one of the most sensitive and timely sources of information for syndromic surveillance.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: This paper reports the results of the pilot phase (4 months) of an Emergency-based syndromic surveillance system in the Lazio region (5.5 million inhabitants), which aimed to monitor in real time the occ...

Héctor A. Vargas, and Marcelo Duarte

ABSTRACT Some native plants can survive the disturbances associated with agricultural activities, sometimes being considered weeds and objects of control practices. However, these plants can be very important to support populations of native insects in disturbed habitats. Alternanthera halimifolia (Lam.) Standl. (Amaranthaceae) is locally considered a weed, and here it is reported as the first host plant known for the Neotropical hairstreak Strymon davara (Hewitson, 1868) based on research perfo...

蔡志宏 Chih-Hong (Henry) Tsai

UDRP（Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy）並非法律亦非條約，卻解決了成千上萬的域名糾紛，其司法效力如何，不但值得從學理上探討，也是司法實務所不可迴避的問題。本文乃先從學理邏輯上，論析UDRP 決定可能之不同效力模式，並從各國司法主權行使、UDRP 制定意旨及規定、當事人權利保障等各方面論證對於UDRP 決定不應賦予任何司法效力。繼而針對此問題，以海峽兩岸法院判決進行實證研究。研究結果發現中國大陸法院就此有較為統一之司法解釋，正確地指引法院處理域名爭議案件；臺灣法院對於此類案件及相類似之TWDRP（Taiwan Network Information Center Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy）決定案件，則有較為分歧的見解。本文亦針對中國大陸之司法解釋及臺灣法院之不同見解，進行評析，並提出具體建議，除希望可以促進商標與域名衝突之法制，可以有更正向細緻的發展，也期待在兩岸乃至全球間能有一致性之處理。 UDRP (Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resoluti...

Gian Marco Luna, and Grazia Marina Quero, and Laura Perini

<p>Aquatic sediments are the repository of a variety of anthropogenic pollutants, including bacteria of fecal origin, that reach the aquatic environment from a variety of sources. Although fecal bacteria can survive for long periods of time in aquatic sediments, the microbiological quality of sediments is almost entirely neglected when performing quality assessments of aquatic ecosystems. Here we investigated the relative abundance, patterns and diversity of fecal bacterial populations in two co...

J Padayachee, and M J Alport, and W ID Rae

Background: Radiologists analyse both standard mammographic views of a breast to confirm the presence of abnormalities and reduce false-positives. However, at present no computer-aided diagnosis system uses ipsilateral mammograms to confirm the presence of suspicious features. Aim: The aim of this study was to develop image-processing algorithms that can be used to match a suspicious feature from one mammographic view to the same feature in another mammographic view of the same breast. This al...

K. Haynert, and J. Schönfeld, and R. Schiebel, and B. Wilson, and J. Thomsen

Calcifying foraminifera are expected to be endangered by ocean acidification; however, the response of a complete community kept in natural sediment and over multiple generations under controlled laboratory conditions has not been constrained to date. During 6 months of incubation, foraminiferal assemblages were kept and treated in natural sediment with <i>p</i>CO₂-enriched seawater of 430, 907, 1865 and 3247 μatm <i>p</i>CO₂. The fauna was dominated by <i>Ammonia aomoriens...

Molly eBernhard, and Molly eBernhard, and Peng eLi, and David B Allison, and Julia M Gohlke, and Julia M Gohlke

Ana I. Miñano Domínguez, and Francisco Fernández Matallana, and José Luis Casabán Banaclocha

<p>In 2007, ARQVA – National Museum of Underwater Archaeology carried out an archaeological project at the Phoenician shipwreck Mazarrón-2 (Port of Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain). The aims of the project were to check the state of preservation of the hull remains of the ship as well as the metal structure that protects the site. Moreover, the available archaeological data on the shipwreck were updated for the purpose of creating a new digital archive of the site. A real scale photogrammetrical 3D mode...

Parimannan Sivachandran, and Kasi Marimuthu, and Manickam Ravichandran, and Jesu Arockiaraj

Objective: To elucidate the antibiotic susceptibility of body surface and gut associated microflora of two local aquatic leech species Hirudinaria manillensis and Hirudinaria javanica. Methods: Four commercially available antibiotics (doxycycline, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin) were used in this study. A total of 13 isolated gut and two surface micro flora from Hirudinaria manillensis and two gut and two surface micro flora from Hirudinaria javanica were tested for their a...

A. Tolli, and J. Laving

Container transport in the world grows up to 12 % every year. Chinese container transport contributes majority of container flows in international container transport. Many world seaports compete for Chinese container flows and make eff orts to get investments and direct calls from China to their ports. Estonia has a possibility to decrease its large dependence and risks due to the transit of oil and oil products and coal with the help of container flows from China. In addition to a favorable ge...

Manoela M. F. Marinho, and Douglas A. Bastos, and Naércio A. Menezes

A new miniature species of the family Characidae from Marajó Island, Pará State, Brazil is described and assigned to the genus Tyttobrycon. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners primarily by having multicuspid teeth on jaws, and additionally by having the combination of 5-7 premaxillary teeth, dorsal fin only with scattered melanophores and the presence of an adipose fin.

Fatih Özoğul, and Esmeray Küley, and Yeşim Özoğul

Sonalika Gogia, and Chythra R Rao

Context and Objective: In view of the growing burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) globally and associated microvascular and macrovascular complications, the study was done to assess the prevalence and risk factors for diabetic neuropathy among T2DM patients attending a tertiary care hospital. Subjects and Methods: T2DM patients' ≥30 years of both gender, presenting to the Medicine Department at a tertiary care hospital were included in the study. Diabetic Neuropathy Symptom (DNS) questionn...

Irena Ciećko-Michalska, and Iga Wierzbicka-Tutka, and Małgorzata Szczepanek, and Danuta Fedak, and Konrad Jabłoński, and Dorota Cibor, and Tomasz Mach

Introduction: The aim was to assess the usefulness of TGF-β1 and elastase in the evaluation of activity of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD).Material and Methods: 32 patients diagnosed with UC, 31 with CD and 30 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Diagnosis of the disease was confirmed by videocolonoscopy and histopathological evaluation of intestinal biopsies. Disease activity was assessed by use of the Mayo Scoring System for Assessment of Ulcerative Colitis Activity...

Xian LI, and Yu-Ru LI, and Ling CHU, and Ren ZHU, and Li-Zhu WANG, and Yun-Zhi YAN

Low-head dam impoundments modify local habitat and alter fish assemblages; however, to our knowledge, the pattern of how fish assemblages in the impoundments relate to local habitat, tributary position, and dam characteristics is still unclear. We used data collected in 62 impoundments created by low-head dams in headwater streams of the Qingyi River, China, to examine relationships between fish assemblages and local habitat, tributary position, and dam characteristics. We also assessed the rela...

Ekrem Şanver Çelik

Zac Forsman, and Gerrard M. Wellington, and George E. Fox, and Robert J. Toonen

Morphological variation in the geographically widespread coral Porites lobata can make it difficult to distinguish from other massive congeneric species. This morphological variation could be attributed to geographic variability, phenotypic plasticity, or a combination of such factors. We examined genetic and microscopic morphological variability in P. lobata samples from the Galápagos, Easter Island, Tahiti, Fiji, Rarotonga, and Australia. Panamanian P. evermanni specimens were used as a previo...

Marcia Sofia Santos

Marine macroalgae are important sources of sulfated polysaccharides with different structure according to each species of algae. These compounds from the seaweeds of the division Rhodophyta are mainly galactans consisting entirely of galactose or modified galactose units. Galactans, like agar and carrageenan have important biotechnological and commercial applications in several industries. The red seaweed <i>Asparagopsis armata</i> (Harvey), originally from the Pacific Ocean, is well established...

Celia Martínez Hidalgo

Mediterranean cities as Cartagena superpose, complement or juxtapose the historical times on their urban landscape. The opening of Gisbert's street is possibly the first innovative action to develope the ancient Cartagena, changing the way we understand the urban fact and re-defining the geographical relations within its sit. It was a project developed by the liberal politicians of the 19h Century and the physical projection of the new social class linked to the economic development in mining, i...

Alejandro Solórzano

<abstract language="eng">A fish prey found in the coral snake Micrurus alleni (Serpentes: Elapidae)in Costa Rica. The presence of a small specimen of the swamp eel Synbranchus marmoratus (84 mm total length) in the stomach contents of an adult coral snake Micrurus alleni with 692 mm total length from the Caribbean versant of Costa Rica is reported.This eel was swallowed headfirst. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2):227-228.Epub 2005 Jun 24

Jerzy Kujawa

In the last two years, the global maritime trade, and in particular container throughput, has been growing, although more slowly than in the exceptional year 2010, after a rapid collapse in 2009. Container fleet has also been growing well, but financial results achieved by the majority of leading container carrier companies (TOP 20) are very bad. When in 2009 their losses amounted to several billions dollars, carriers explained that it was an exceptional year because of the economic crisis and u...

Cristina Dias Mogrovejo, and Herman Lent, and Cláudia Portes Santos

Allopseudaxine macrova (Unnithan, 1957), Churavera triangula (Mamaev, 1967), Hexostoma auxisi Palombi, 1943 and H. keokeo Yamaguti, 1968 are studied based on light and scanning electron microscopy. The previously proposed synonymy of H. auxisi and H. keokeo is not accepted. Morphological changes between juvenile and adult hexostomatids are highlighted.<br>Allopseudaxine macrova (Unnithan, 1957), Churavera triangula (Mamaev, 1967), Hexostoma auxisi Palombi, 1943 e H. keokeo Yamaguti, 1968 são est...

M. Gehlen, and L. Bopp, and N. Emprin, and O. Aumont, and C. Heinze, and O. Ragueneau

This study focuses on an improved representation of the biological soft tissue pump in the global three-dimensional biogeochemical ocean model PISCES. We compare three parameterizations of particle dynamics: (1) the model standard version including two particle size classes, aggregation-disaggregation and prescribed sinking speed; (2) an aggregation-disaggregation model with a particle size spectrum and prognostic sinking speed; (3) a mineral ballast parameterization with no size classes, but pr...