Matthew E.S. Bracken, and Nyssa J. Silbiger, and Genevieve Bernatchez, and Cascade J.B. Sorte

Predicting the impacts of ocean acidification in coastal habitats is complicated by bio-physical feedbacks between organisms and carbonate chemistry. Daily changes in pH and other carbonate parameters in coastal ecosystems, associated with processes such as photosynthesis and respiration, often greatly exceed global mean predicted changes over the next century. We assessed the strength of these feedbacks under projected elevated CO2 levels by conducting a field experiment in 10 macrophyte-domina...

Yatnita Parama Cita, and Achmad Suhermanto, and Ocky Karna Radjasa, and Pratiwi Sudharmono

Objective: To explore secondary metabolite of bacteria-associated Xestospongia testudinaria from Tanjung Kasuari, Sorong, Papua. Methods: The antimicrobial activities of extracts against two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and three Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Eschericia coli and Salmonella typhi) were determined by disk diffusion dilution method. Results: The test showed that of 15 isolates of symbiont bacteria, 6 isolates were successfully isolated and coded,...

K. von Schuckmann, and J.-B. Sallée, and D. Chambers, and P.-Y. Le Traon, and C. Cabanes, and F. Gaillard, and S. Speich, and M. Hamon

Variations in the world's ocean heat storage and its associated volume changes are a key factor to gauge global warming and to assess the earth's energy and sea level budget. Estimating global ocean heat content (GOHC) and global steric sea level (GSSL) with temperature/salinity data from the Argo network reveals a positive change of 0.5 ± 0.1 W m⁻² (applied to the surface area of the ocean) and 0.5 ± 0.1 mm year⁻¹ during the years 2005 to 2012, averaged between 60° S and 6...

Norma Maria Barros Benevides

Yue-hua WANG, and Tao JIANG, and Xuan WANG, and Lei LU, and Dong-hua ZHANG, and Rong-sheng ZHANG, and Shao-chang JIA

<p><strong>Objective  </strong>To investigate the effect of omega-3 fish oil emulsion on the inflammatory responses, immune function, and prognosis of patients after liver transplantation. <strong>Methods  </strong>Thirty-six patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation at the Liver Transplantion Center of No. 81 Hospital of PLA from January 2009 to December 2010 were enrolled in this study. The patients were randomly divided into two study groups: the fish-oil group, in which patients w...

ONRIZAL, and MASHHOR MANSOR

Abstract. Onrizal, Mansor M. 2015. Status of coastal forests of the Northern Sumatra in 2005 (after 2004’s tsunami catastrophe). Biodiversitas 17: 44-54. The first intensive ecological study of coastal vegetation including mangrove, littoral and peat swamp forests after the 2004 tsunami catastrophe in Northern Sumatra was conducted from January to December 2005 where 16 sampling sites along 2960km coastline in Northern Sumatra were selected. In each site, one quadrat of 100 m x 100 m was establi...

H. Wang, and P. J. Rasch, and G. Feingold

We use a cloud-system-resolving model to study marine-cloud brightening. We examine how injected aerosol particles that act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are transported within the marine boundary layer and how the additional particles in clouds impact cloud microphysical processes, and feedback on dynamics. Results show that the effectiveness of cloud brightening depends strongly on meteorological and background aerosol conditions. Cloud albedo enhancement is very effective in a weakly pre...

M Karimi, and N Pishva

Introduction: Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is a common disorder and if untreated is potentially neurotoxic. Methods: In order to investigate the correlation between hyperbilirubinemia and hemoglobinopathies, in a prospective study we studied a total 100 full term neonates at Nemazi Hospital with total bilirubin greater than 15 mg/dl and direct bilirubin less than 1.5mg/dl. Other known causes of hyperbilirubinemia such as G6PD deficiency and blood group incompatibility, septicemia and common metab...

R. Gangstø, and F. Joos, and M. Gehlen

Ocean acidification might reduce the ability of calcifying plankton to produce and maintain their shells of calcite, or of aragonite, the more soluble form of CaCO₃. In addition to possibly large biological impacts, reduced CaCO₃ production corresponds to a negative feedback on atmospheric CO₂. In order to explore the sensitivity of the ocean carbon cycle to increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO₂, we use the new biogeochemical Bern3D/PISCES model...

Simona Cannas, and Greta Veronica Berteselli, and Patrizia Piotti, and Zita Talamonti, and Elisabetta Scaglia, and Damiano Stefanello, and Michela Minero, and Clara Palestrini

It is widely accepted that psychological stress and mental illness can compromise the function of the immune system. Clinical and epidemiological studies on humans recognized that specific psychosocial factors, such as stress, chronic depression and lack of social support are risk factors for the development and progression of cancer. Unfortunately, most of the animals studies on this subject are based on laboratory tests performed on mice. This retrospective cohort study aims to analyze the rel...

Cristina Ravara Montebelli

E. Legrand, and E. Legrand, and P. Riera, and P. Riera, and M. Lutier, and M. Lutier, and J. Coudret, and J. Coudret, and J. Grall, and S. Martin, and S. Martin

Predicted ocean acidification and warming are likely to have major implications for marine organisms, especially marine calcifiers. However, little information is available on the response of marine benthic communities as a whole to predicted changes. Here, we experimentally examined the combined effects of temperature and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (<i>p</i>CO₂) increases on the response of maerl bed assemblages, composed of living and dead thalli of the free-living cor...

Ana-Maria Ciuhu, and Nicoleta Caragea, and Ciprian Alexandru

This paper exposes the methodology of creating the profile of two categories of potential human capital using logistic regression in R. The profiles were created based on some social and economic characteristics provided by the 2015 Labour Force Survey, assuring the representativeness of results at national and regional level. In this sense, the logistic regression was used to model the relationship between economically inactive persons who are seeking for a job, but are not immediately availabl...

Sara Fernández Ferreiro

INTRODUCTION Marine algal blooms caused by the overgrowth of marine phytoplankton have increased in frequency and severity in the last years; supposing a worldwide public health problem. Yessotoxin (YTX) is a marine biotoxin produced by dinoflagellates and accumulated in filter feeding shellfish through the tropic chain. YTXs are worldwide distributed and regulated by safety authorities although no human toxicity outburst has been unequivocally related to them (Tubaro et al., 2010). The toxicolo...

Stefania Biolo, and Liliana Rodrigues

We aimed to access the knowledge of the structure of the periphytic algae community on a floating substrate, the macrophyte Ricciocarpus natans (L.) Corda, during two hydrological periods in a connected environment at the Paraná river floodplain. Attached algal was removed from the substrate with the aid of a soft-bristled brush and distilled water jets and was fixed immediately for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The total richness of the periphytic algae was 188 taxa. February showed th...

Juan Diego Hernández-Camacho, and Javier Vázquez-Carrión, and Elena Fuentes-Lorca, and Heliodoro Moya-Amaya

Introduction: The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of caffeine ingestion in soccer performance, particularly in the countermovement jump test (CMJ). Material and methods: A total of 17 players from a U-19 amateur Spanish team participated in this pilot study. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized experimental design was used in 2 different sessions (1.5 hour per session) separated by 1 week. CMJ was collected at the beginning and at the end of sessions; Rating of Perceiv...

P. Drobinski, and S. Bastin, and A. Dabas, and P. Delville, and O. Reitebuch

Sea-breeze dynamics in southern France is investigated using an airborne Doppler lidar, a meteorological surface station network and radiosoundings, in the framework of the ESCOMPTE experiment conducted during summer 2001 in order to evaluate the role of thermal circulations on pollutant transport and ventilation. The airborne Doppler lidar WIND contributed to three-dimensional (3-D) mapping of the sea breeze circulation in an unprecedented way. The data allow access to the onshore and off...

J. Kazil, and J. Kazil, and G. Feingold, and T. Yamaguchi, and T. Yamaguchi

Observed and projected trends in large-scale wind speed over the oceans prompt the question: how do marine stratocumulus clouds and their radiative properties respond to changes in large-scale wind speed? Wind speed drives the surface fluxes of sensible heat, moisture, and momentum and thereby acts on cloud liquid water path (LWP) and cloud radiative properties. We present an investigation of the dynamical response of non-precipitating, overcast marine stratocumulus clouds to different win...

J.-B. W. Stuut, and M. Marchant, and J. Kaiser, and F. Lamy, and M. Mohtadi, and O. Romero, and D. Hebbeln

Many variables have been used to reconstruct Chilean paleoenvironmental changes during the late Quaternary. In this paper we present an overview of a number of these variables, so-called proxies, that have been inferred from marine sediments from the Chilean continental margin and summarise the results. In general, a glacial-interglacial pattern of climate changes can be recognised in the proxy records with high-frequency variabilities superposed. The synthesis shows that the records in the Sout...

James Sullivan, and Alma Solis

A new species of Palpita H&uuml;bner (Crambidae, Spilomelinae), P. maritima, sp. n., is described from maritime forests of the coastal plains of southeastern United States.

Huatao Li, and Xiaoqiu Zhou, and Min Wu, and Mengling Deng, and Chao Wang, and Jingjing Hou, and Pengju Mou

Erythrocytes play an essential role in transporting O2 and CO2 for respiration in fish. However, erythrocytes continuously suffer from reactive oxygen species (ROS) -induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. Thus, it is essential to expand our knowledge of how to protect erythrocytes against ROS-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in fish. In this study, we explored the cytotoxicity and the effects of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), ethyl ether extracts, ethyl acetate extracts, acetone extracts...

Issufo Halo, and Bjorn Backeberg, and Atanasio Brito, and Charine Collins, and Obadias Cossa, and Francisco Gemo, and Yonss Jose, and Benjamin Loveday, and Bernardino Malauene, and Francis Marsac, and Clousa Maueua, and Olivier Maury, and Alberto Mavume, and Fialho Nehama, and Pierrick Penven, and Stephane Pous, and Chris Reason, and Mike Roberts, and Frank Shillington

Aziz TA, and Hussain SA, and Mahwi TO, and Ahmed ZA

Tavga Ahmed Aziz,1 Saad Abdulrahman Hussain,2 Taha Othman Mahwi,3 Zheen Aorahman Ahmed1 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq; 2Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Rafidain University College, Baghdad, Iraq; 3Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq Background and aim: Ginkgo biloba (GKB) extract has shown to be beneficial in experimental mode...

Rashid Safari, and Reza Valizadeh, and Rasool Kadkhodaei, and Abdolmansoor Tahmasebi, and Abasa Ali Naserian, and Enollao Abdi Ghezeljeh

To estimate the effect of microencapsulated fish oil on blood metabolites, rumen and blood plasma fatty acids concentrations twelve Sannan dairy goats with 30 ± 5 days in milk (DIM) were allocated to 3 treatments in a 3×2 change over design with 2 periods of 30 days. Treatments were: 1) the control (without fish oil), 2) microencapsulated fish oil (2% fish oil capsulated in 6% treated whey protein concentrate, 3) fish oil (2% fish oil and 6% whey protein concentrate). Concentration of C18:0 in t...

Dyego Leonardo Ferraz Caetano, and Rafael Rogério Rosa, and Verônica Rodrigues de Moraes, and Daniela Ribas Jané, and Alexandre Fernandes Oliveira da Silva

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of a dam on the ecological parameters of the fish assemblages of a stream of second order of the upper Paraná River basin, southern Brazil. Samplings of abiotic data and ichthyofauna occurred quarterly between September 2012 and June 2013. Were collected 3,128 individuals in six orders, eight families and 13 species. The Cluster analysis (Jaccard) based on species composition indicated the separation of the sampling units into two groups,...

Joacim Näslund

This paper describes a non-invasive method for estimating gross brain size in small fish with semi-transparent heads, using system camera equipment. Macro-photographs were taken from above on backlit free-swimming fish undergoing light anaesthesia. From the photographs, the width of the optic tectum was measured. This measure (TeO-measure) correlates well with the width of the optic tectum as measured from out-dissected brains in both brown trout fry and zebrafish (Pearson r > 0.90). The TeO-mea...

Autumn Kujawa, and Kodi B. Arfer, and Daniel N. Klein, and Greg Hajcak Proudfit

Peer relationships become a major concern in adolescence, yet event-related potential (ERP) measures of reactivity to social feedback in adolescence are limited. In this pilot study, we tested a novel task to elicit reactivity to social feedback in youth. Participants (10–15 years old; 57.9% male; N = 19) played a game that involved exchanging personal information with peers, voting to remove players from the game, and receiving rejection and acceptance feedback from peers. Results indicated tha...

N. JEPPSON, and G. XIANGQUN

The contents of kaempherol, quercetin and L-ascorbic acid in sea buckthorn berries were measured at different maturation stages using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) methods. The content of ascorbic acid decreased over time with significant differences between sampling dates for the five cultivars studied. The mean decrease was 25% in 19 days, from 1.48 to 1.10 g kg-1. Quercetin decreased whereas kaempherol increased during maturation. Among three studied cultivars, the decrease in...

P. E. Bachem, and B. Risebrobakken, and S. De Schepper, and E. L. McClymont

The Pliocene was a time of global warmth with small sporadic glaciations, which transitioned towards the larger-scale Pleistocene glacial–interglacial variability. Here, we present high-resolution records of sea surface temperature (SST) and ice-rafted debris (IRD) in the Norwegian Sea from 5.32 to 3.14 Ma, providing evidence that the Pliocene surface conditions of the Norwegian Sea underwent a series of transitions in response to orbital forcing and gateway changes. Average SSTs are 2 °C ...

. Widanarni, and M.S. Arifin, and . Sukenda

<p>This experiment was conducted to study the effect of probiotic bacteria SKT-b <em>Vibrio</em> addition at different developmental stages on survival rates of tiger shrimp <em>Penaeus monodon </em>larva.<em>  </em>Main activity of this experiment consisted of tiger shrimp rearing started from nauplius stage until Pl₁₀ and addition of 10⁶ CFU/ml SKT-b <em>Vibrio</em> probiotic bacteria at various developmental stages namely at early nauplius stage, early zoea zoea stage, e...

M. M. de Mahiques, and T. J. J. Hanebuth, and R. H. Nagai, and M. C. Bícego, and R. C. L. Figueira, and S. H. M. Sousa, and L. Burone, and P. Franco-Fraguas, and S. Taniguchi, and A. B. Salaroli, and G. P. Dias, and D. M. Prates, and M. E. F. Freitas

In this study, we use inorganic (metal) and organic (bulk and molecular) markers in sediment samples of the south-eastern Brazilian margin to investigate the response of geochemical fingerprints to the complex hydrodynamic processes present in the area. Results indicate the potential of export of terrigenous siliciclastic and organic constituents to the upper slope, even in an area with limited fluvial supply.</p><p class="p">Metal contents and especially the ln(Ti ∕ Al) and ln(Fe ∕ K) ratios ma...

M. Schreier, and M. Schreier, and A.&amp;nbsp;A. Kokhanovsky, and V. Eyring, and L. Bugliaro, and H. Mannstein, and B. Mayer, and H. Bovensmann, and J.&amp;nbsp;P. Burrows

Modifications of existing clouds by the exhaust of ships are well-known but inadequately quantified impacts, which could contribute to climate change. The perturbation of a cloud layer by ship-generated aerosol changes the cloud reflectivity and is identified by long curves in satellite images, known as ship tracks. As ship tracks indicate a pollution of a very clean marine environment and also affect the radiation budget below and above the cloud, it is important to investigate their radiative ...

Jane Robinson

Susanne Kratzer, and Christian Vinterhav

In this paper we compare the followingMERIS processors against sea-truthing data:the standard MERIS processor (MEGS 7.4.1), the Case 2Regional processor (C2R) of the German Institutefor Coastal Research (GKSS), and the Case 2Water Properties processor developed at the FreieUniversit&auml;t Berlin (FUB). Furthermore, the ImprovedContrast between Ocean and Land processor (ICOL), a prototypeprocessor for the correction of adjacency effects from land,was tested on all three processors, and the retri...

I. Totterdell, and K. Tokos, and R. Schlitzer, and G.-K. Plattner, and J. C. Orr, and A. Mouchet, and U. Mikolajewicz, and K. Matsumoto, and A. Ishida, and F. Joos, and D. Archer, and K. Caldeira, and A. Ridgwell, and M. Eby, and L. Cao, and T. Tschumi, and Y. Yamanaka, and A. Yool

We compare modeled oceanic carbon uptake in response to pulse CO₂ emissions using a suite of global ocean models and Earth system models. In response to a CO₂ pulse emission of 590 Pg C (corresponding to an instantaneous doubling of atmospheric CO₂ from 278 to 556 ppm), the fraction of CO₂ emitted that is absorbed by the ocean is: 37&plusmn;8%, 56&plusmn;10%, and 81&plusmn;4% (model mean &plusmn;2&sigma; ) in year 30, 100, and 1000 after the emission p...

S. T. Lee, and T. T. Yu, and W. F. Peng, and C. L. Wang

Seismic-induced landslide hazards are studied using seismic shaking intensity based on the topographic amplification effect. The estimation of the topographic effect includes the theoretical topographic amplification factors and the corresponding amplified ground motion. Digital elevation models (DEM) with a 5-m grid space are used. The logistic regression model and the geographic information system (GIS) are used to perform the seismic landslide hazard analysis. The 99 Peaks area, located 3 km ...

S. Semper, and E. Darelius

The summer enhancement of diurnal tidal currents at the shelf break in the southern Weddell Sea is studied using velocity measurements from 29 moorings during the period 1968 to 2014. Kinetic energy associated with diurnal tidal frequencies is largest at the shelf break and decreases rapidly with distance from it. The diurnal tidal energy increases from austral winter to summer by, on average, 50 %. The austral summer enhancement is observed in all deployments. The observations are compared to r...

Douglas Batista Mazzinghy, and José Francisco Cabello Russo

Minas-Rio Project, Anglo American property, located in Brazil, considers Vertimill™ to make the particle size distribution adequate to feed slurry pipeline. A pilot test campaign was carried out at Metso's pilot plant facility located in York city, Pennsylvania State, USA, to provide information to scale up the industrial grinding circuit. The perfect mixing model, normally used to simulate ball mills, was used to compare the direct and reverse circuit configurations. The simulations were based ...

H.H. Sung, and A.J. Sinclair, and P.J. Meikle, and N. Mellett, and P.A. Lewandowski, and X.Q. Su

Xuezhong Yu, and Chunji Xue, and Haigang Shi, and Weiping Zhu, and Yinghui Liu, and Hang Yin

The widely distributed E–W-trending magnetic anomaly stripes in the central basin and the N–E-trending magnetic anomaly stripes in the southwest sub-basin provide the most important evidence for Neogene expansion of the South China Sea. The expansion mechanism remains, however, controversial because of the lack of direct drilling data, non-systematic marine magnetic survey data, and irregular magnetic anomaly stripes with two obvious directions. For example, researchers have inferred different a...

S.-E. Brunnabend, and H. A. Dijkstra, and M. A. Kliphuis, and H. E. Bal, and F. Seinstra, and B. van Werkhoven, and J. Maassen, and M. van Meersbergen

An important contribution to future changes in regional sea level extremes is due to the changes in intrinsic ocean variability, in particular ocean eddies. Here, we study a scenario of future dynamic sea level (DSL) extremes using a high-resolution version of the Parallel Ocean Program and generalized extreme value theory. This model is forced with atmospheric fluxes from a coupled climate model which has been integrated under the IPCC-SRES-A1B scenario over the period 2000–2100. Changes in 10-...

Greg Bell, and Benjamin Wachira, and Gerene Denning

Ultrasound is an effective and affordable clinical diagnostic tool highly attractive for use in low and middle income countries (LMICs), but access to training programs in these countries is limited. The objective of our study was to develop and pilot a program for healthcare providers in Kenya in the use of point-of-care ultrasound. Methods: Trainees were recruited in district hospitals for participation in three all-day workshops held every 3–5 months from September 2013 through November 2014....

C. TSANGARIS, and E. STROGYLOUDI, and E. PAPATHANASSIOU

Alterations in a number of biochemical parameters in marine organisms represent specific markers of exposure to particular classes of contaminants. They are used as tools for the detection and monitoring of pollution. In this study, two biochemical markers of pollution, metallothionein (MT) content and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were measured in indigenous and transplanted mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis from coastal areas within the Saronikos Gulf subject to high anthropogenic activ...

L. Merckelbach

Ocean gliders have become ubiquitous observation platforms in the ocean in recent years. They are also increasingly used in coastal environments. The coastal observatory system COSYNA has pioneered the use of gliders in the North Sea, a shallow tidally energetic shelf sea. <br><br> For operational reasons, the gliders operated in the North Sea are programmed to resurface every 3–5 h. The glider's dead-reckoning algorithm yields depth-averaged currents, averaged in time over each subsurface inte...

Ali RA, and Alnatour A, and Alnuaimi K, and Alzoubi F, and Almomani M, and Othman A

Reem A Ali,1 Ahlam Alnatour,2 Karimeh Alnuaimi,1 Fatmeh Alzoubi,1 Maysa Almomani,3 Areej Othman4 1Department of Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 2Department of Community and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 3Department of Adult Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 4Department of Maternal ...

Valerio Verdiani, and Chiara Lombardo, and Elisabetta Catini, and Alberto Camaiti, and Alberto Conti, and Rosario Spina, and Adriano Peris, and Carlo Nozzoli

BACKGROUND Major trauma is the fourth cause of death in Western countries, and the first one in patients aged 35 years or younger. In-hospital post-intensive care represents a crucial step in the comprehensive medical assistance for these patients, but no data is available. <br />AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate an hospital post-intensive clinical pathway for patients with major trauma discharged from Intensive Care Unit (ICU). <br />PATIENTS AND METHODS We designed a clinical pathway project for pa...

I. GIOGIOS, and N KALOGEROPOULOS, and K. GRIGORAKIS

The volatile compounds of highly commercialised fresh Mediterranean seafood species, including seven fish (sand-smelt Atherina boyeri, picarel Spicara smaris, hake Merluccius merluccius, pilchard Sardina pilchardus, bogue Boobps boops, anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus and striped-mullet Mullus barbatus), squid (Loligo vulgaris), shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) and mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), were evaluated by simultaneous steam distillation-extraction and subsequent GC-MS analysis. A tot...

Raffaella Branciari, and David Ranucci, and Dino Miraglia, and Andrea Valiani, and Fabrizia Veronesi, and Eleonora Urbani, and Giovanni Lo Vaglio, and Luisa Pascucci, and Raffaella Franceschini

<em>Eustrongylides</em> spp. is considered a freshwater fish zoonotic nematode. In the present study, the prevalence of <em>Eustrongylides</em> spp. in six edible fish (European perch - <em>Perca fluviatilis</em>, goldfish - <em>Carassius auratus</em>, largemouth black bass - <em>Micropterus salmoides</em>, tench- <em>Tinca tinca</em>, carp - <em>Cyprinus carpio</em> and sand smelt - <em>Atherina boyeri</em>) of Trasimeno lake was surveyed. The investigations were conducted from October 2014 to ...

E. G. Merzlyakov, and Yu. I. Portnyagin, and C. Jacobi, and N. J. Mitchell, and H. G. Muller, and A. H. Manson, and A. N. Fachrutdinova, and W. Singer, and P. Hoffmann

The longitudinal structure of the day-to-day variations of semidiurnal tide amplitudes is analysed based on coordinated mesosphere/lower thermosphere wind measurements at several stations during three winter campaigns. Possible excitation sources of these variations are discussed. Special attention is given to a nonlinear interaction between the semidiurnal tide and the day-to-day mean wind variations. Data processing includes the S-transform analysis which takes into account transient beh...

Abadi Dwi Saputra, and Sigit Priyanto, and Imam Muthohar

Each activity or work performed by a worker will always contain a workload. Such workloads include both physical and mental workloads arising from the work environment. Different work time conditions are also deemed to affect the mental condition of a pilot. The aim of this study is to measuring the value of pilot mental workload in terms of difference pilot age to operate the aircraft based on the difference in phases of time. Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT) method is used t...