Joan J. Fornos, and Joaquín Ginés

Jucilene Sales da Paixão Silva, and Angela Maggio da Fonseca, and Vicente Renato Bagnoli, and Ana Lucia Cavalcanti, and José Maria Soares Jr, and Edmund Chada Baracat

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the sexual behavior of women with polycystic ovary syndrome and the relationship between sexual behavior and the clinical parameters related to this syndrome (obesity, hirsutism and menstrual irregularities). Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 48 women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The evaluation was based on the complaints reported by the women with particular emphasis on sexual satisfaction, the presence of a sexu...

Mario Degli Stefani, and Michele Biasutti

Objective: Framed in the patients’ engagement perspective, the current study aims to determine the effects of group music therapy in addition to drug care in comparison with drug care in the treatment of psychiatric outpatients. Method: Participants (n = 27) with ICD-10 diagnoses of F20 (schizophrenia), F25 (schizoaffective disorders), F31 (bipolar affective disorder), F32 (depressive episode) and F60 (specific personality disorders) were randomised to receive group music therapy plus standard c...

Paulien E. Bunskoek, and Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi, and Steven J.M. Gans, and Peter B.J. van Vierzen, and Willem J.G. Melchers, and Cornelis E. van Elk, and Johan W. Mouton, and Paul E. Verweij

Invasive aspergillosis due to azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus is difficult to manage. We describe a case of azole-resistant invasive aspergillosis in a female bottlenose dolphin, who failed to respond to voriconazole and posaconazole therapy. As intravenous therapy was precluded, high dose posaconazole was initiated aimed at achieving trough levels exceeding 3 mg/l. Posaconazole serum levels of 3–9.5 mg/l were achieved without significant side-effects. Follow-up bronchoscopy and computed t...

Kai eLiu, and Teng eZhang, and Qing eZhang, and Yueji eSun, and Jianlin eWu, and Yi eLei, and Winnie CW Chu, and Vincent Chung Tong Mok, and Defeng eWang, and Lin eShi

Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) is considered one of the classic disconnection syndromes. However, the specific cortical disconnectivity pattern has not been fully investigated. In this study, we aimed to explore significant alterations in whole-cortex structural connectivity in SPD individuals (SPDs) by combining the techniques of brain surface morphometry and white matter (WM) tractography. Diffusion and structural MR data were collected from twenty subjects with SPD (all males; age, 19...

M. Saps, and D. Nichols-Vinueza, and G. Dhroove, and P. Adams, and A. Chogle

Background: The Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) and a modified child-friendly version (M-BSFS) are frequently used in clinical practice and research. These scales have not been validated in children. 3-D stool scale models may be better adapted to the child's development. Aims: To assess the usefulness of the BSFS, M-BSFS, and a newly developed 3-D stool scale in children. Methods: Fifty children were asked to rank the picture cards of the BSFS and 3-D models from hardest to softest and to match...

Rita eCosta Abecasis, and Pedro eAfonso, and Ana eColaço, and Nancy eLongnecker, and Julian eClifton, and Luísa eSchmidt, and Ricardo Serrão Santos

In the Archipelago of the Azores, over 110,000 km2 of marine areas presently benefit from some form of protection, including a suite of coastal habitats, offshore areas, seamounts, hydrothermal vents and large parcels of mid-ocean ridge. These areas are integrated in the recently established network of marine protected areas (MPAs), which stands as the cornerstone of Azorean marine conservation policies. This article describes and analyses the process of MPA establishment in the Azores and the c...

Y. J. Yoon, and Y. J. Yoon, and P. Brimblecombe

The concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the marine boundary layer (MBL) was estimated from dimethyl sulfide (DMS) flux, sea salt (SS) emission, and aerosols entrained from the free troposphere (FT). Only under clean air conditions, did the nucleation of DMS derived sulfur (DMS CCN) contribute significantly to the MBL CCN. The accommodation coefficient for sulfuric acid mass transfer was found to be a very important parameter in the modeling the contribution of DMS to MBL C...

Linlin Shi, and Meijuan Jin, and Mingxing Shen, and Changying Lu, and Haihou Wang, and Xingwei Zhou, and Lijuan Mei, and Shixue Yin

Elodea nuttallii is widely used in Chinese mitten crab (CMC) rearing practice, but it is not a native aquatic plant and cannot endure high temperature. Thus, large E. nuttallii mortality and water deterioration events could occur during high-temperature seasons. The aim of this study was to identify the use of local macrophytes in CMC rearing practice, including Ipomoea aquatic and Oryza sativa. A completely randomized field experiment was conducted to investigate the crab yield, water quality, ...

Salih Muhammad Awadh, and Muhanad R. Al-Auweidy, and Abdullah A. Al-Yaseri

Abstract The oil reservoir brines are very common geological fluids coexisting with hydrocarbons. The chemistry of brines is a powerful tool for determining the brine evolution and its origin, constraining fluid flow at the basin and predicting reservoir scales. This study targeted the Zubair brines in seven oilfields and investigated the geochemical evolution of brine compositions. The composition of the Zubair brine is characterized by the high average of TDS (219,408 mg/l). The contribution o...

A. Macali, and A. Semenov, and V. Venuti, and V. Crupi, and F. D’Amico, and B. Rossi, and I. Corsi, and E. Bergami

Abstract Invertebrates represent the most plentiful component of marine biodiversity. To date, only few species have been documented for marine litter intake. Here, we report for the first time the presence of macroplastic debris in a jellyfish species. Such novel target to plastic pollution highlights an under studied vector of marine litter along marine trophic web, raising further concern over the impact on marine wildlife.

Julie K. Wilson, and Yuan Zhao, and Mervyn Singer, and Jo Spencer, and Manu Shankar-Hari

Abstract Background Sepsis remains a major cause of mortality in critical care, for which specific treatments are lacking. The dysregulated response to infection seen in sepsis includes features of lymphocyte dysfunction and exhaustion, suggesting that immune-stimulatory therapy may improve outcomes in certain patient groups. Monoclonal antibodies targeting checkpoint molecules, such as programmed-death 1 protein (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1, have shown success in stimulating the immune response ...

Tessa B. Francis, and Phillip S. Levin, and Andre E. Punt, and Isaac C. Kaplan, and Anna Varney, and Karma Norman

The sustainable use of global marine resources depends upon science-based decision processes and systems. Informing decisions with science is challenging for many reasons, including the nature of science and science-based institutions. The complexity of ecosystem-based management often requires the use of models, and model-based advice can be especially difficult to convert into policies or decisions. Here, we suggest five characteristics of model-based information and advice for successfully in...

L. T. Toth, and R. B. Aronson

<p>Variability of sea-surface temperature related to shifts in the mode of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has been implicated as a possible forcing mechanism for the global-scale changes in tropical and subtropical precipitation known as the 4.2&thinsp;ka event. We review records of coral reef development and paleoceanography from the tropical eastern Pacific (TEP) to evaluate the potential impact of the 4.2&thinsp;ka event on coral reefs. Our goal is to identify the regional climatic a...

Eman A. Elmansy, and Mohsen S. Asker, and Ebtsam M. El-Kady, and Saadia M. Hassanein, and Fawkia M. El-Beih

Abstract Background Amylases are among the most important enzymes which are of great significance for biotechnology and have almost completely replaced chemical hydrolysis of starch in the starch processing industry. The present study was concerned with the production and optimization of extracellular α-amylase from Bacillus sp. NRC22017. Results The effect of various fermentation conditions on α-amylase production through shake-flask culture was investigated. Bacterial strain produces α-amylase...

Byron M. Göpper, and Nina M. Voogt, and Andre Ganswindt

Ozobranchus spp. are leeches that feed solely on turtle blood. They are common ectoparasites found on a range of marine turtle species, with some species of the leech being implicated as vectors of fibropapilloma-associated turtle herpesvirus (FPTHV). Green (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) turtles are the two commonly occurring species in the inner granitic islands of the Seychelles. Routine monitoring of nesting turtles on Cousine Island, Seychelles, allowed for opportuni...

Sumayah Goolam Nabee, and Jackie Walters

Background: The cascading effect in the liner shipping industry has forced the ply of larger ships to Southern African Development Community (SADC) ports. This requires these ports to revise their strategic development to accommodate the resulting shifts in cargo flows to and from these strategic ports in conjunction with hinterland corridor development. Objectives: The purpose of this research was to understand the changing landscape of strategic SADC ports and develop future strategies with r...

McCarty DE, and Reddy A, and Keigley Q, and Kim PY, and Cohen S, and Marino AA

David E McCarty,1 Aronkumar Reddy,1 Quinton Keigley,2 Paul Y Kim,1 Stephen Cohen,2 Andrew A Marino1 1Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2School of Medicine, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, LA, USA Background: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to test the hypothesis that serum vitamin D levels are abnormally low in sleep clinic patients admitting to chronic nonspecific musculoskeletal pain and to assess the a...

Magda Clara Vieira da Costa Ribeiro, and Luiz Gonzaga dos Santos-Neto

<abstract language="eng">Specimens of Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) were caugth using human bait with electric aspirator and a modified CDC trap.

Rajiv Khandekar, and Saleh Al-Harby

Background: The eye health care program, Ministry of Health of Oman conducted a pilot survey of Omani people that visited the eye health stall. It was organized on the World Health Day on 7 th April 2005 in Muscat, Oman. The survey aimed at identifying the level of knowledge of blinding eye diseases and the satisfaction among community for the eye services at government hospitals. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive study. 156 Omani citizens of more than 12 years of age were given a cl...

Marta J. Cremer, and Paulo C. Simões-Lopes

The toninha, or franciscana, Pontoporia blainvillei (Gervais & D'Orbigny, 1844), is an endemic species of cetacean of the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. There is little information on the occurrence of this species in its natural environment due to the great difficulty in sighting it. Systematized and non-systematized observations of franciscanas were made from December 1996 through November 2001 at Babitonga Bay, on the northern coast of Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil. The observations wer...

Leda M. de Souza, and Paulo de T. Chaves

Desembarques de arrasto visando à pesca do camarão sete-barbas, Xiphopenaeus kroyeri, foram acompanhados de 2005 a 2007 no município de São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina. Setenta e seis espécies de teleósteos foram registradas como captura incidental e seus indivíduos foram avaliados quanto ao estádio de maturação e Índice de Atividade Reprodutiva. Constatou-se que indivíduos de metade das espécies são capturados com gônadas maduras, em estações que variaram conforme a espécie. Em Isopisthus ...

Dante Queirolo, and Erick Gaete

In 2010, two experiments were carried out in order to study ghost fishing generated by lost or abandoned gillnets. The first experiment was aimed to identify and quantify the number of captured specimens in intentionally abandoned gillnet between 45 and 86 m depth, which were periodically checked up to 156 days after being abandoned. In this experiment, 912 specimens of 12 taxa were caught, mostly invertebrates such as Cancer porteri (81.6%) and Platymera gaudichaudii (9%). After the abandonment...

Wibisono Gunawan, and Badruzzaman Nofiandri

To realize the Bali Eco Smart Grid program, state electricity company (PLN) Bali implemented the advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) through the deployment of a pilot project of 1,000 2 ways smart meters based on LoRa WAN in the Kuta area, Bali. The selection of long range wide area network (LoRa WAN) as smart meter access technology is due to low costs, low power, ease of implementation and technology readiness. LoRa WAN is one of low power wide area network (LPWAN) technology. For deploying...

Driessen Carla, and Raupach Michael

In the context of a current joint research project a monitoring system to detect leakages in bridges is implemented by using a textile reinforced concrete interlayer which consists of two carbon meshes with a spacing of 15 mm and a new developed mortar. Between the two carbon meshes the resistivity is measured with alternating current. If a leakage in the bridge deck sealing occurs and water gets into the interlayer a drop in the measured resistivity occurs and the leakage is detected. In this c...

Pabis Krzysztof

This paper reviews the current knowledge on the ecology of aquatic and semi-aquatic moths, and discusses possible pre-adaptations of the moths to the aquatic environment. It also highlights major gaps in our understanding of this group of aquatic insects. Aquatic and semi-aquatic moths represent only a tiny fraction of the total lepidopteran diversity. Only about 0.5% of 165 000 known lepidopterans are aquatic; mostly in the preimaginal stages. Truly aquatic species can be found only among the C...

Międlarz Kamila, and Bałachowski Lech

Offshore piles are subjected to complex loads with considerable lateral component. The pile-soil response to lateral loads can be described with the p-y method. For a given depth the load–deflection relationship is built to simulate the surrounding soil stiffness. This state-of-art paper presents a brief discussion of determination methods for the p-y curves using a standard approach based on the soil parameters derived from laboratory and in-situ tests or directly from field tests. The basic re...

Utpala Devi, and Suman Kalyan Paine, and Kanwar Narain, and Nabanita Barman, and Jagadish Mahanta

Xiaogang Li, and Ya’nan Zhang, and Changfeng Ding, and Wenhua Xu, and Xingxiang Wang

Abstract Cotton diseases caused by soil-borne pathogenic fungi present a major constraint to cotton production not only in China but also worldwide. A long-term field inventory was made of the prevalence of Fusarium and Verticillium wilt of cotton in the Jiangsu coastal area of China from 2000 to 2014. Various factors (crop varieties, rotation and weather) were analyzed to explore the dynamics of these diseases in cotton. The results showed that the prevalence of Fusarium and Verticillium wilt i...

Kehinde David Oyeyemi, and Mary Taiwo Olowokere, and Ahzegbobor Philips Aizebeokhai

Abstract Subsurface characterization and hydrocarbon resource evaluation were conducted using integrated well logs analysis and three-dimensional (3D) seismic-based reservoir characterization in an offshore field, western Niger Delta basin. Reservoir sands R1–R4 were delineated, mapped and quantitatively evaluated for petrophysical characteristics such as net-to-gross, volume of shale, water saturation, bulk water volume, porosity, permeability, fluid types and fluid contacts (GOC and OWC). The ...

Baumar J Marin E, and Julian J Dodson

We studied the fecundity and growth in populations of the silver mullet, Mugil curema, in coastal areas of northeastern Venezuela between March 1992 and July 1993. The average number of ovocytes in gonads of 23-42 cm adults was 54 x 104, and the relative fecundity was 1311 ovocytes g-1 of fish. The size of mature ovocytes did not vary in different portions of the same gonad (p 0.05) or among the adults in three populations studied. The average egg diameter for adults was 426 µm (CI= 4.34). Age o...

Akay AP, and Kaya GC, and Baykara B, and Demir Y, and Ozek H, and Alsen S, and Eren MS, and Emiroglu NI, and Ertay T, and Ozturk Y, and Miral S, and Durak H, and Tufan E

Aynur Pekcanlar Akay,1 Gamze Capa Kaya,2,3 Burak Baykara,1 Yusuf Demir,2,3 Handan &Ouml;zek,1 Sevay Alsen,1 Mine Sencan Eren,2,3 Neslihan Inal Emiroglu,1 Turkan Ertay,2,3 Yesim Ozturk,4 Suha Miral,1 Hatice Durak,2,3 Evren Tufan4 1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2Department of Nuclear Medicine, 3Department of Pediatrics, Dokuz Eylul University Medical Faculty, Izmir, 4Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Abant&nbsp;İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey Abstract: Attention...

Guilherme Wolff Bueno, and Nilton Garcia Marengoni, and Affonso Celso Gonçalves Júnior, and Wilson Rogério Boscolo, and Rodrigo de Almeida Teixeira

A intensa produção de peixes e utilização dos recursos hídricos podecomprometer a qualidade e disponibilidade da água, além de afetar a capacidade de suporte do ambiente, causando eutrofização e, consequentemente, a poluição do mesmo. Realizouse um estudo das variáveis físico-químicas da água e dos teores de fósforo total (P-total) no sedimento, rações e peixes cultivados em tanques-rede em uma área aquícola localizada no reservatório da Itaipu, no município de Santa Helena, Estado do Paraná, ob...

Fabiana Jandre Melo

Objective: To investigate the salivary fluoride concentration in pre-school children after toothbrushing with dentifrice containing standard (1100ppmF/NaF) and low (500ppmF/NaF) fluoride concentration, using the transversal technique of placing the product on the toothbrush. Methods: Eight children of both sexes, ranging from 4 to 9 years, and 5 years and 6 months of age, participated in the study. The experiment was divided into two phases with a weekly interval. In the first stage, the childre...

Eduardo Amat

In recent years, there has been an increasing number of studies on carrion fly communities due to their medical importance and as a consequence of the large number of studies on forensic entomology. Surprisingly few studies have adressed with the asynantropic flies of the Amazon, and none were done in Colombia. A faunistic study of asynantropic flies of the families Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Muscidae and Fannidae in three different landscapes of the Colombian Amazon is presented, trapping ef...

Roberto Goitein, and Sidnei Eduardo Lima Junior

Em estudos sobre alimentação de peixes, é prática comum determinar a dieta de uma espécie com base na análise do conteúdo estomacal. Para a realização destes estudos normalmente são aplicados os métodos de ocorrência, numérico, volumétrico e gravimétrico. A utilização destes métodos, entretanto, nem sempre é possível, e o objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma metodologia alternativa baseada na atribuição de pontos aos itens alimentares a partir da obtenção da massa total e de uma simples inspeção...

Veeris Ammarapala, and Thanwadee Chinda, and Pimnapa Pongsayaporn, and Wit Ratanachot, and Koonnamas Punthutaecha, and Koson Janmonta

Becoming a member of ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), Thailand expects a growth of cross-border trade with neighboring countries, especially the agricultural products shipment. To facilitate this, a number of strategies are set, such as the utilization of single check point, the Asian Highway (AH) route development, and the truck lane initiation. However, majority of agricultural products traded through the borders are transported using the rural roads, from growing area to the factory, before...

Irene Azevedo Cardoso, and Tone Falkenhaug, and Luiz Fernando Loureiro Fernandes

The Mid Atlantic Ridge (MAR) is a seamount chain extending for 60.000 km, divided into south and north regions by the Equatorial Fracture which cuts across it. This latter has a maximum depth of 7,760 m and an average width of 19 km. In this study we include data from the two cruises of the international project MAR-ECO, undertaken, respectively, one on the north and the other on the south MAR. Our main objective is to compare the species richness and species composition of pelagic and benthic d...

Shiny Joy, and Susanta K. Ghosh, and Rajeshwara N. Achur, and D. Channe Gowda, and Namita Surolia

Abstract Background Genes encoding dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) are the targets of sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) present in artemisinin based combination therapy (ACT; artesunate + sulfadoxine pyrimethamine) for Plasmodium falciparum. Although SP is generally not used to treat vivax infection, mutations in dhfr and dhps that confer antifolate resistance in Plasmodium vivax are common; which may be attributed to its sympatric existence with P. falciparum. Cu...

Elżbieta Lewandowicz, and Przemysław Lisowski

Indoor route networks models are created for use in navigation. They may be built manually, but it is better to generate them automatically, based on the building floor plans. Research has been conducted in this field in many research centers. The authors undertook to develop their own methodology for generating navigation networks, using topological neighborhood relations and semantic data. The research project focuses on one floor in a building, which consists of rooms and an expanded corrido...

Ahmed Hany M. Abuelenin

This study reveals the most important role of effective marine accident investigation in the improvement of maritime safety through prevention similar casualties from occurring in the future, explores the legal obligations of all parties under different international maritime conventions, and codes. As most of marine accidents resulted from shortage in applying international regulations related to maritime safety, so this research determines, the shortage of application of the international regu...

O.A. Didur, and Yu.L. Yu.L. Kulbachko, and Ye.І. Maltsev, and T.V. Konovalenko

The problem of the degradation of land ecosystems and their underlying basis – the soil – has a global character. In some regions of Ukraine, such as the Western Donbass, it becomes particularly topical. The damaged areas formed during coal mining are restored through reclamation. One of its directions is forest reclamation. Soil algae constitute an active autotrophic part of the microbiota. They are connected with all its autotrophic, heterotrophic components and with the soil. They play a grea...

Esat Tarık Topkara, and M. Ruşen Ustaoğlu

Doğu Karadeniz dağ silsilesindeki bazı dağ göllerinin sucul Coleoptera (Classis: Insecta) faunası üzerine araştırmalar. Doğu Karadeniz (Türkiye) dağ silsilesindeki yüksek dağ göllerinin sucul Coleoptera faunasını belirlemek amacıyla yapılan bu araştırma, 2005-2007 yıllarında Temmuz ve Ağustos aylarında 22 gölde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Örneklemeler göllerin littoral bölgesinde ve el kepçeleri kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Toplanan örneklerin taksonomik açıdan incelenmesiyle, 4 familyaya ait 21 takson (...

Ahmet E. Kıdeyş, and Yakup Erdem

Bu araştırmada 2002 yılında Orta Karadeniz’in Sinop Bölgesi’ndeki makrojelimsi organizma (Aurelia aurita, Pleurobranchia pileus, Mnemiopsis leidyi ve Beroe ovata) türleri ile balık yumurta ve larvalarının bolluğu ve dağılımının tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bunun için bölgede seçilen 3 istasyonda, dikey ve yatay olarak plankton çekimleri yapılmıştır. Araştırmada ktenoforlardan Mnemiopsis leidyi Ocak-Eylül, Beroe ovata Ağustos-Aralık periyotlarında görülebilmiştir. Aurelia aurita ve Pleurobranch...

Meltem Özütok, and Özlem Fındık, and Meltem Dural, and M.Perçin Piner, and Olcayto Keskinkan

İskenderun Demir Çelik Fabrikası atık maddesi olan cürufun yapısı, çözünürlüğü ve denizel ortama olası etkileri, MartTemmuz 2003 tarihleri arasında araştırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda, cürufun deniz suyu, saf su, yağmur suyu ve yağmur suyu deniz suyu karışımında çözünürlüğü araştırılmıştır. Deniz suyunda, sedimentde, sestonda ve denizel organizmalarda ağır metal derişimleri incelenmiştir. Cürufun çözünürlüğünde Standart Yöntemler, ağır metal analizlerinde AAS ve GFAAS yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Cüruf d...

Seher Dirican, and Tuncer Katağan

Bu çalışma, Salih Adası civarında su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinin bentik canlılar üzerine etkisinin araştırılması amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla, Ekim 2001-Ağustos 2002 tarihleri arasında mevsimsel olarak 9 istasyondan bentik örnekler toplanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda, yıl içersinde bentik veriler devamlı olarak olumsuz bir durum göstermemektedir. Araştırma alanında, 8 sistematik gruba (Platyhelminthes, Nemertini, Sipuncula, Polychaeta, Crustacea, Mollusca, Echinodermata ve Acrania) dahil 34...

V.I. Maltsev, and M.A. Beletskaya

To assess the significance of the habitat for maintaining biodiversity, for example habitats of coastal fish assemblages the following carrying capacity index for habitats was developed (A):                                                                 where N is the total number of specimens, S – the number of species, ni – the number of specimens of each species, Q – coefficient, which makes possible to obtain A index values more convenient for perception. In our case, the most convenient...

Murat Özbek, and Esat T. Topkara

Raúl H. Sansores, and Alejandra Ramírez-Venegas, and Rosario Arellano-Rocha, and Valeri Noé-Díaz, and Leonor García-Gómez, and Oliver Pérez Bautista, and Mónica Velázquez Uncal

Introduction: Use of varenicline for as long as necessary to achieve abstinence has not been studied. The aim of this study was to test whether smokers with mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are able to quit if they use varenicline for a sufficient length of time. Methods: A total of 30 heavy smokers with COPD took varenicline for sufficiently long enough for smoking cessation. Smokers were allowed to smoke without a fixed quit date. The main endpoints were the time o...

Margaret Vernon, and Nancy Kline Leidy, and Alise Nacson, and Linda Nelsen

Objective: Although chronic and subacute cough are clinically problematic and a target of therapeutic interventions, there are no validated cough severity patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments for comprehensively evaluating cough severity in clinical trials. The Cough Severity Diary (CSD) is a simple, seven-item daily diary developed to meet this need. The objective of this study was to assess preliminary measurement characteristics in a small sample of patients with chronic or subacute cou...