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Meirielle Euripa Pádua de Moura, and Lorraine dos Santos Rocha, and João Carlos Nabout

Recent studies have investigated the impact of climate change on aquatic environments, and Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration is a quick and reliable variable for monitoring such changes. This study evaluated the impact of rainfall frequency as a diluting agent and the effect of increased temperature on Chl-a concentrations in eutrophic environments during a bloom of cyanobacteria. This was based on the hypothesis that the concentration of Chl-a will be higher in treatments in which the rainfal...

Di Pierro F, and Colombo M, and Zanvit A, and Rottoli AS

Francesco Di Pierro,1 Maria Colombo,2 Alberto Zanvit,3 Amilcare S Rottoli,4 1Scientific Department, Velleja Research, Milan, 2Pediatric Department, University of Parma, Parma, 3Stomatology Institute, 4Pediatric Department, Uboldo Hospital, Cernusco S/N, Milan, Italy Background: Streptococcus salivarius K12 (BLIS K12®) is a probiotic strain producing the bacteriocins salivaricin A2 and salivaricin B, both of which strongly antagonize the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes, the most important ba...

Sora Yasri, and Viroj Wiwanitkit

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Ganesan Govindarajan, and Velayudhan Satheeja Santhi, and Solomon Robinson David Jebakumar

A recently isolated Streptomyces sp. JRG-04 from a mangrove estuary was identified as a producer of a broad-spectrum antimicrobial compound against various pathogens, including multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens, with no cytotoxic effect on H9C2 cells. In this study, the concentrations of various nutrient factors and culture conditions were optimized by both classical and statistical methods for an improved titer of the antimicrobial compound production. Among nutrient factors...

Kondo Yusuke, and Ohtsuka Susumu, and Hirabayashi Takeshi, and Okada Shoma, and Ogawa Nanako O., and Ohkouchi Naohiko, and Shimazu Takeshi, and Nishikawa Jun

In the Seto Inland Sea of western Japan, metacercariae of three species of trematodes, Lepotrema clavatum Ozaki, 1932, Cephalolepidapedon saba Yamaguti, 1970, and Opechona olssoni (Yamaguti, 1934), were found in the mesoglea of the jellyfish Aurelia aurita s.l., Chrysaora pacifica, and Cyanea nozakii. Moreover, these jellyfish frequently harbored juveniles of the fish species Psenopsis anomala, Thamnaconus modestus, and Trachurus japonicus. The former two fish species are well-known medusivores....

Fabrizio Guerra, and Georgios Tsakos, and Denise Corridore, and Gianna Maria Nardi, and Gianni Di Giorgio, and Gian Luca Di Tanna, and Livia Ottolenghi

Aim: The Child-Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) assesses the impacts of oral health problems on the daily activities ofchildren. Objectives of this study were to cross-culturally adapt the Child-OIDP for use among Italian children and provide initialevidence on its reliability and validity in a sample of 10-11 year-olds. Materials and Method: The Italian Child-OIDP was administered to a convenience sample of 10-11-year-old 5th graders of“Giò Leonardo di Bona” Public School in Cutro (Ita...

Humber A Andrade

Different datasets and a Bayesian production model were used to assess the status of the Atlantic bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) stock. Several datasets convey little information hence estimations of parameters are imprecise unless a very restrictive prior is used. Modes of posteriors calculated for composite datasets are in between modes of the posteriors calculated for separated datasets. Most of the calculations indicate that biomass has decreased until the beginning of 1990's when the stock wa...

Rosilda Maria Gomes de Lima, and Glória Regina da Silva Wildhagen, and José Waldemar Silva Dias da Cunha, and Julio Carlos Afonso

<abstract language="eng">This work describes the use of clinoptilolite for removal of ammonium ions present in waters produced at the Campos' Basin. Samples were previously treated in order to remove organic compounds and metals. Experiments were run in fixed- and fluidized-bed systems, at room temperature. The fluidized-bed systems did not remove efficiently the ammonium ion. The best operational conditions were obtained with clinoptilolite particle size in the range 0.30-0.50 mm, under ascenda...

Edélti Faria Albertoni, and Cleber Palma-Silva, and Francisco de Assis Esteves

Macrobrachium acanthurus Wiegmann, 1836 is a Palaemonidae commonly found in Brazilian coastal environments. At Imboassica lagoon, located in the north of the State of Rio de Janeiro, it is found in two stages of its life cycle: as larvae and as reproductive adults. This work had as its goal the evaluation of adults distribution, estimating the weight/length relationship and the condition factor of these adults. After sampling in two regions of the lagoon, one interior and another closer to the o...

S. Monserrat, and S. Monserrat, and I. Vilibi&amp;#x0107;, and A. B. Rabinovich, and A. B. Rabinovich

In light of the recent enhanced activity in the study of tsunami waves and their source mechanisms, we consider tsunami-like waves that are induced by atmospheric processes rather than by seismic sources. These waves are mainly associated with atmospheric gravity waves, pressure jumps, frontal passages, squalls and other types of atmospheric disturbances, which normally generate barotropic ocean waves in the open ocean and amplify them near the coast through specific resonance mechanisms (Proudm...

Soledad Ruiz-Álvarez, and Regina Gabilondo, and Gregorio Fernandez-Leborans

The toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium in a marine benthic protist community were examined at different depths within the sediment. For this purpose, sediment-water microcosms with 1000 µg Cd dm^-3 of the pollutant were used in two assays. The addition of cadmium caused a significant reduction in protist density, number of species and biomass. There was also a decrease in these three parameters with depth. During the treatment the density of protist groups was strongly depth-depen...

José Enemir dos Santos, and Hugo Pereira Godinho

The larval ontogeny and swimming behavior of the characid fish Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816) were studied under experimental laboratory conditions, from hatching to yolk absorption. At day 1, the larvae were transparent, with sparse dendrite chromatophores and a well-developed adhesive organ on the head. The retinal epithelial cells were initiating pigmentation. The branchial arches were at the initial phase of differentiation. The larvae were able to perform only vertical displacements a...

Rodrigo Dornelas do Carmo, and Zuleica Camargo, and Kátia Nemr

OBJETIVO: investigar os indicativos da qualidade de vida em indivíduos submetidos a laringectomia total e a relação destes com os aspectos perceptivo-auditivos da qualidade vocal. MÉTODOS: a população estudada foi constituída por seis indivíduos laringectomizados totais com idades compreendidas entre 40 e 60 anos, de ambos os gêneros, falantes por meio da fala esofágica ou traqueoesofágica. Foram aplicados o protocolo Qualidade de Vida e Voz (QVV) (Behlau et al., 2001) e um roteiro escala de flu...

Konstantin V. Taran, and Еvgeny F. Krinko

The article studies modern historiography, dedicated to First Russian Revolution within Black Sea Province (1905–1907).

Tadić Danijela, and Mimović Predrag, and Kostić Jovana, and Zahar-Đorđević Marija

The management of the electrical and electronic waste (WEEE) problem in the uncertain environment has a critical effect on the economy and environmental protection of each region. The considered problem can be stated as a fuzzy non-convex optimization problem with linear objective function and a set of linear and non-linear constraints. The original problem is reformulated by using linear relaxation into a fuzzy linear programming problem. The fuzzy rating of collecting point c...

R. Albright, and C. Langdon, and K. R. N. Anthony

Ocean acidification is projected to shift coral reefs from a state of net accretion to one of net dissolution this century. Presently, our ability to predict global-scale changes to coral reef calcification is limited by insufficient data relating seawater carbonate chemistry parameters to in situ rates of reef calcification. Here, we investigate diel and seasonal trends in carbonate chemistry of the Davies Reef flat in the central Great Barrier Reef and relate these trends to benthic carbon flu...

Mario J Grijalva, and Francisco S Palomeque, and Anita G Villacís, and Carla L Black, and Laura Arcos-Terán

Rhodnius ecuadoriensis is considered the second most important vector of Chagas disease in Ecuador. It is distributed across six of the 24 provinces and occupies intradomiciliary, peridomiciliary and sylvatic habitats. This study was conducted in six communities within the coastal province of Guayas. Triatomine searches were conducted in domestic and peridomestic habitats and bird nests using manual searches, live-bait traps and sensor boxes. Synantrhopic mammals were captured in the domestic an...

W. N. Meier, and D. Gallaher, and G. G. Campbell

Visible satellite imagery from the 1964 Nimbus I satellite has been recovered, digitized, and processed to estimate Arctic and Antarctic sea ice extent for September 1964. September is the month when the Arctic sea ice reaches its minimum annual extent and the Antarctic sea ice reaches its maximum. Images from a three-week period were manually analyzed to estimate the location of the ice edge and then composited to obtain a hemispheric estimate. Uncertainties were based on limitations in the ima...

Roland FJ Popp, and Stefanie Maier, and Siegfried Rothe, and Jürgen Zulley, and Tatjana Crönlein, and Thomas C Wetter, and Rainer Rupprecht, and Göran Hajak

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of traffic noise along the motorway on sleep quality, sleepiness, and vigilant attention in long-haul truck drivers. This was a randomized, crossover, within-subject controlled study. Healthy long-haul truck drivers spent 6 consecutive nights in a real truck berth with full sleep laboratory equipment. During 3 nights, subjects were exposed to replayed traffic noise alongside motorways, whereas the other 3 nights were without traffic noise. Polysomnography ...

De Domenico, M, and Gentile, G, and Michaud, L, and Lo Giudice, A, and Bruni, V

The basic understanding of both the physiology and ecology of psychrotolerant Antarctic bacteria is a crucial step for the optimization of their biodegradative activity in cold environments. The detection of cold-adapted hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in Antarctic seawaters is certainly of great interest for bioremediative purpose in oil polluted marine Antarctic systems, where the introduction of non native species is not allowed. This study focused on psychrotolerant marine bacteria inhabiting...

Ney Procópio Lopes, and Márcia Lara, and Marcelo Libânio

A presente pesquisa em escala piloto, simulando trecho de uma rede interligada a um ramal predial, visou quantificar o volume de ar aferido pelos hidrômetros residenciais. Para tal fim, testaram-se ventosas, bloqueadores de ar e válvulas eliminadoras de ar. Sob condições normais de operação da rede, o volume de ar medido pelos hidrômetros é comparável ao encontrado na água natural, não justificando a instalação de equipamento de eliminação de ar de qualquer natureza. Todavia, logo após esvaziame...

Maria Inês Zanoli Sato, and Marisa Di Bari, and Claudia Condé Lamparelli, and Ana Cristina Truzzi, and Maria Cristina L.S. Coelho, and Elayse Maria Hachich

A sanitary evaluation of sand and water from 16 beaches of São Paulo State, Brazil, was undertaken during spring of 1997 and summer of 1998. Ninety six samples each of wet and dry sand and seawater were collected and analysed for fecal indicator bacteria. A parasitological examination and Candida albicans analysis were also performed in sand samples and F-specific bacteriophages were determined in seawater. Statistical analysis of the results demonstrated higher concentrations of fecal coliforms...

Davies Angharad P, and Brooks Caroline J, and Hays Graeme C, and Hinder Stephanie L, and Edwards Martin, and Walne Anthony W, and Gravenor Mike B

<p>Abstract</p> <p>The relationship between toxic marine microalgae species and climate change has become a high profile and well discussed topic in recent years, with research focusing on the possible future impacts of changing hydrological conditions on Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) species around the world. However, there is very little literature concerning the epidemiology of these species on marine organisms and human health. Here, we examine the current state of toxic microalgae species aroun...

Stirling Christine, and Leggett Susan, and Lloyd Barbara, and Scott Jenn, and Blizzard Leigh, and Quinn Stephen, and Robinson Andrew

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Decision aids are often used to assist individuals confronted with a diagnosis of a serious illness to make decisions about treatment options. However, they are rarely utilised to help those with chronic or age related conditions to make decisions about care services. Decision aids should also be useful for carers of people with decreased decisional capacity. These carers' choices must balance health outcomes for themselves and for salient others with relatio...

Chauvin Christian, and Chéreau Elisabeth, and Ballester Marcos, and Daraï Emile

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To evaluate prolapse-related symptoms, quality of life and sexuality of patients with validated questionnaires before and after surgery for genital prolapse and assess relevance of such an evaluation to select women for surgery.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>From November 2009 to April 2010, 16 patients operated on for genital prolapse of grade greater than or equal to 2 (POP-Q classification) were evaluated prospectively by three questionnaires of quality of life Pe...

Land Walker H, and Heine John J, and Egan Kathleen M

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>When investigating covariate interactions and group associations with standard regression analyses, the relationship between the response variable and exposure may be difficult to characterize. When the relationship is nonlinear, linear modeling techniques do not capture the nonlinear information content. Statistical learning (SL) techniques with kernels are capable of addressing nonlinear problems without making parametric assumptions. However, these techniq...

Olsvik Pål A, and Sanden Monica

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The aim of the study was to examine the intestinal cellular localization of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cytochrome P450 A1 (CYP1A) expression in Atlantic salmon <it>Salmo salar </it>L. exposed to a model toxicant. The stress response was induced by intraperitoneal injection of four salmon with a single dose (50 mg/kg) of the CYP1A inducer β-naphthoflavone (BNF) and intestinal tissue (mid and distal intestine; MI and DI) was sampled seven day...

Deyo Richard A, and Mirza Sohail K, and Heagerty Patrick J, and Turner Judith A, and Lee Lorri A, and Goodkin Robert

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Independent of efficacy, information on safety of surgical procedures is essential for informed choices. We seek to develop standardized methodology for describing the safety of spinal operations and apply these methods to study lumbar surgery. We present a conceptual model for evaluating the safety of spine surgery and describe development of tools to measure principal components of this model: (1) specifying outcome by explicit criteria for adverse event de...

Stegmaier Julia, and Bogner Viktoria, and Kirchhoff Chlodwig, and Leidel Bernd A, and Mutschler Wolf, and Kanz Karl-Georg, and Braunstein Volker

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>For patients' safety reasons, current American Heart Association and European Resuscitation Council guidelines recommend intraosseous (IO) vascular access as an alternative in cases of emergency, if prompt venous catheterization is impossible. The purpose of this study was to compare the IO access as a bridging procedure versus central venous catheterization (CVC) for in-hospital adult emergency patients under resuscitation with impossible peripheral intraven...

Mercado-García Adriana, and Lamadrid-Figueroa Héctor, and Sánchez Brisa N, and Hu Howard, and Meeker John D, and Cantonwine David, and Fortenberry Gamola Z, and Calafat Antonia M, and Téllez-Rojo Martha

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Presence of Bisphenol A (BPA) has been documented worldwide in a variety of human biological samples. There is growing evidence that low level BPA exposure may impact placental tissue development and thyroid function in humans. The aim of this present pilot study was to determine urinary concentrations of BPA during the last trimester of pregnancy among a small subset of women in Mexico City, Mexico and relate these concentrations to risk of delivering premat...

García-Arrarás José E, and Maldonado-Soto Angel R, and San Miguel-Ruiz José E

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Regeneration of neurons and fibers in the mammalian spinal cord has not been plausible, even though extensive studies have been made to understand the restrictive factors involved. New experimental models and strategies are necessary to determine how new nerve cells are generated and how fibers regrow and connect with their targets in adult animals. Non-vertebrate deuterostomes might provide some answers to these questions. Echinoderms, with their amazing reg...

Singh Lalji, and Bhagavatula Jyotsna

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Bengal tiger <it>Panthera tigris tigris </it>the National Animal of India, is an endangered species. Estimating populations for such species is the main objective for designing conservation measures and for evaluating those that are already in place. Due to the tiger's cryptic and secretive behaviour, it is not possible to enumerate and monitor its populations through direct observations; instead indirect methods have always been used for studying tigers in t...

Uroš Godnov, and Tjaša Redek

The paper studies user-generated evaluations of hotels in three types of destinations in Slovenia (skiing, sea and spa). Using a broad dataset of user-generated evaluations for 28 different hotels and a combination of text mining and standard statistical methods we show how this data provides rich decision-making information. Although numerical evaluations of different destination types can hardly be directly compared due to different guest structure, the results show that guests in general eval...

S. H. Árnason, and Ǽ. Th. Thórsson, and B. Magnússon, and M. Philipp, and H. Adsersen, and K. Anamthawat-Jónsson

Sea sandwort (<i>Honckenya peploides</i>) was one of the first plants to successfully colonize and reproduce on the volcanic island Surtsey, formed in 1963 off the southern coast of Iceland. Using amplified fragment length polymorphic (AFLP) markers, we examined levels of genetic variation and differentiation among populations of <i>H. peploides</i> on Surtsey in relation to populations on the nearby island Heimaey and from the southern coast of Iceland. Selected populations from Denmark and Gre...

Haitao eHan, and Dawei ePan, and Dongyan eLiu, and Xueping eHu, and Mingyue eLin, and Fei eLi

The novel cubical nano-titanium carbide loaded gold nanoparticles modified electrode for selective and sensitive detection of trace chromium (Cr) in coastal water was established based on a simple approach. Nano-titanium carbide is used as the typical cubical nanomaterial with wonderful catalytic activity towards the reduction of Cr(VI). Gold nanoparticles with excellent physical and chemical properties can facilitate electron transfer and enhance the catalytic activity of the modified electrode...

Juan P. Cumillaf, and Johnny Blanc, and Kurt Paschke, and Paulina Gebauer, and Fernando Díaz, and Denisse Re, and María E. Chimal, and Jorge Vásquez, and Carlos Rosas

Optimum temperatures can be measured through aerobic scope, preferred temperatures or growth. A complete thermal window, including optimum, transition (Pejus) and critical temperatures (CT), can be described if preferred temperatures and CT are defined. The crustacean Hemigrapsus crenulatus was used as a model species to evaluate the effect of acclimation temperature on: (i) thermal preference and width of thermal window, (ii) respiratory metabolism, and (iii) haemolymph proteins. Dependant on a...

Chelsea E. Lopez, and Hannah C. Sheehan, and David A. Vierra, and Paul A. Azzinaro, and Thomas H. Meedel, and Niall G. Howlett, and Steven Q. Irvine

Ciona intestinalis, a common sea squirt, exhibits lower reproductive success at the upper extreme of the water temperatures it experiences in coastal New England. In order to understand the changes in protein expression associated with elevated temperatures, and possible response to global temperature change, we reared C. intestinalis from embryos to adults at 18°C (a temperature at which they reproduce normally at our collection site in Rhode Island) and 22°C (the upper end of the local tempera...

Zhijun Dong, and André C. Morandini, and Agustin Schiariti, and Lei Wang, and Tingting Sun

Background It has been suggested that aquaculture ponds on the Chinese coast could act as breeding grounds for scyphozoans. Here, we present the first record of the scyphomedusa Phyllorhiza sp. in an aquaculture pond on the coast of the southern Yellow Sea, based on a combination of morphological characteristics and mitochondrial 16S DNA sequence data. Methods A field survey was performed on June 29, 2017 in a pond used for culturing the shrimp Penaeus japonicus, located in the southern Yellow S...

Tuncay Murat Sever, and Bahar Bayhan, and Halit Filiz, and Ertan Taşkavak, and Gökçen Bilge

Ege Denizi'nde bulunan beş derin deniz balığı: Argentina sphyraena, Glossanodon leioglossus, Chlorophthalmus agassizi, Hoplostethus mediterraneus ve Capros aper 2003 bahar mevsimi süresince ticari trol balıkçıları tarafından hedef dışı av olarak elde edilen örnekler olarak çalışılmıştır. Türlerin besin kompozisyonlarını belirlemek için mide içerikleri incelenmiştir ve türlerin trofik durumlarının özellikle karnivor seviyede yer aldığı görülmüştür. Beş predator türün besin kompozisyonunda iki esa...

O. N. Marenkov

Substantial changes in the hydroecosystem of the Zaporizke reservoir have led to a significant transformation of aquatic biocoenoses. As a result, number of some aboriginal fish species have decreased. The regulation of the Dnipro river has contributed to the spread of new species of fish. Over the past 30 years, the ichthyofauna of the reservoir has gained about 20 species of fish that acclimatized and expanded their range. The article presents the results of ichthyological research of 2010- 20...

L. Verrastro, and I. Ely

Knowledge of a species’ diet provides important information on adaptation and the relationship between the organism and its environment. The genus Liolaemus occurs in the southern region of South America and is an excellent model to investigate the adaptive processes of vertebrate ecology in ecosystems of this region of the world. Liolaemus occipitalis is an endangered species that inhabits the coastal sand dunes of southern Brazil. This species is the most abundant vertebrate in this environmen...

MR. Oliveira, and NB. Silva, and ME. Yamamoto, and S. Chellappa

The gonad development and reproductive aspects of Hemiramphus brasiliensis from the coastal waters of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil were verified. This paper presents data on the length-weight relationship, sex ratio, length at first sexual maturity, gonad development, reproductive period and fecundity of H. brasiliensis. Females of this species predominated in the sampled population and were larger in size than the males. The length at the first sexual maturation of males was 20.8 cm and that of ...

Hatta A, and Nishihira Y, and Higashiura T

Arihiro Hatta,1 Yoshiaki Nishihira,2 Takuro Higashiura3 1Department of Health Pharmacy, Yokohama College of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan; 2Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; 3Department of Law, Faculty of Law, Seiwa University, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a single bout of walking on mood, psychophysiologic responses, and executive function in elderly adults. Metho...

Okan Ertosluk

Svanberg G, and Munck I, and Levander M

Gabriella Svanberg,1 Ingrid Munck,2 Maria Levander3 1Department of Substance Abuse, The Swedish National Board of Institutional Care, Stockholm, 2Department of Education and Special Education, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 3Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Background: Individuals with substance-use disorder (SUD) often have co-occurring mental health disorders and decreased executive function, both of which are barriers to sustained rehabilitat...

Cristina da Silva Gonçalves, and Francisco Manoel de Souza Braga

The lack of knowledge of the freshwater ichthyofauna of coastal streams in the State of São Paulo (Brazil) is a cause of concern, as these streams are inserted in the Atlantic forest, a hotspot highly threatened. The aim of the present study is to investigate the freshwater ichthyofauna composition of clear and blackwater streams in a preservation area of Brazilian Atlantic forest. Fish samples were taken using electrofishing. A total of 20 species were registered, with Astyanax ribeirae, Hollan...

Jefferson Yunis Aguinaga, and Paulo Fernandes Marcusso, and Gustavo da Silva Claudiano, and Bruno Tadeu Marotta Lima, and Fernanda de Alexandre Sebastião, and João Batista Kochenborger Fernandes, and Flávio Ruas de Moraes, and Julieta Rodini Engracia de Moraes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and seasonal distribution of the main parasite species in Amazonian ornamental cichlids that affect their trade. The study was conducted from August 2007 to September 2009. We sampled 3042 specimens from 9 different species, of which 9.47% had at least one type of external parasite. 81.25% of the cases occurred in the dry season. Crenicichla anthurus (28.57%) was the most parasitized, followed by Aequidens diadema (26.32%), Pterophyllum scalar...

P. R. Oke, and R. Proctor, and U. Rosebrock, and R. Brinkman, and M. L. Cahill, and I. Coghlan, and P. Divakaran, and J. Freeman, and C. Pattiaratchi, and M. Roughan, and P. A. Sandery, and A. Schaeffer, and S. Wijeratne

The technical steps involved in configuring a regional ocean model are analogous for all community models. All require the generation of a model grid, preparation and interpolation of topography, initial conditions, and forcing fields. Each task in configuring a regional ocean model is straightforward – but the process of downloading and reformatting data can be time-consuming. For an experienced modeller, the configuration of a new model domain can take as little as a few hours – but for an ine...

Bateman L, and Palmer RH, and Trugman JM, and Lin Y

Lucinda Bateman,1 Robert H Palmer,2 Joel M Trugman,2 Yuhua Lin2 1Fatigue Consultation Clinic, Salt Lake City, UT, 2Forest Research Institute, Jersey City, NJ, USA Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of milnacipran following a direct switch from duloxetine in fibromyalgia patients experiencing inadequate clinical response to duloxetine after receiving treatment for 6 weeks or longer. Methods: This exploratory study included 107 patients wit...