M. Laz?r, and L. Miron, and I. Gostin, and C. Rîmbu, and R. Laz?r, and E. Guguianu

In autumn 2011 in cyprinid farms located in Iasi on the Jijia river, several infections with bacterial strains and macroscopical external cysts on the skin were diagnosedwhich developed as a result of the stress induced by biotic and abiotic factors. On the examination of the cyst contents the presence of numerous spores was observed, mostly of the Dermocystidium sp genusThe samples were taken from the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) species from the fi...

Adriane da Silva, and João Zitkoski, and Marcio Antônio Mazutti, and Altemir Mossi, and José Vladimir Oliveira, and Débora de Oliveira, and Alexandre José Cichoski, and Helen Treichel

This work reports the use of experimental design for the assessment of the effects of process parameters on the production of fish nuggets in an industrial scale environment. The effect of independent factors on the physicochemical and microbiological parameters was investigated through a full 24 experimental design. The studied factors included the temperature of fish fillet and pulp in the mixer, the temperature of the added fat, the temperature of water and the ratio of protein extraction tim...

F. Gallart, and N. Prat, and E. M. García-Roger, and J. Latron, and M. Rieradevall, and P. Llorens, and G. G. Barberá, and D. Brito, and A. M. De Girolamo, and A. Lo Porto, and A. Buffagni, and S. Erba, and R. Neves, and N. P. Nikolaidis, and J. L. Perrin, and E. P. Querner, and J. M. Quiñonero, and M. G. Tournoud, and O. Tzoraki, and N. Skoulikidis, and R. Gómez, and M. M. Sánchez-Montoya, and J. Froebrich

Temporary streams are those water courses that undergo the recurrent cessation of flow or the complete drying of their channel. The structure and composition of biological communities in temporary stream reaches are strongly dependent on the temporal changes of the aquatic habitats determined by the hydrological conditions. Therefore, the structural and functional characteristics of aquatic fauna to assess the ecological quality of a temporary stream reach cannot be used without taking into acco...

H. Ikawa, and I. Faloona, and J. Kochendorfer, and K. T. Paw U, and W. C. Oechel

It is not well understood whether coastal upwelling is a net CO₂ source to the atmosphere or a net CO₂ sink to the ocean due to high temporal variability of air–sea CO₂ exchange (CO₂ flux) in coastal upwelling zones. Upwelling transports heterotrophic, CO₂ enriched water to the surface and releases CO₂ to the atmosphere, whereas the presence of nutrient-rich water at the surface supports high primary production and atmospheric CO<...

Angelo Fraga Bernardino, and Paulo Roberto Pagliosa, and Ronaldo Adriano Christofoletti, and Francisco Barros, and Sergio A. Netto, and Pablo Muniz, and Paulo da Cunha Lana

Abstract Estuaries are unique coastal ecosystems that sustain and provide essential ecological services for mankind. Estuarine ecosystems include a variety of habitats with their own sediment-fauna dynamics, all of them globally undergoing alteration or threatened by human activities. Mangrove forests, saltmarshes, tidal flats and other confined estuarine systems are under increasing stress due to human activities leading to habitat and species loss. Combined changes in estuarine hydromorphology...

Haşmet Çağırgan

X. Zhang, and W. Dierking, and J. Zhang, and J. Meng, and H. Lang

In this paper we introduce a parameter for the retrieval of the thickness of undeformed first-year sea ice that is specifically adapted to compact polarimetric (CP) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The parameter is denoted as the "CP ratio". In model simulations we investigated the sensitivity of the CP ratio to the dielectric constant, ice thickness, ice surface roughness, and radar incidence angle. From the results of the simulations we deduced optimal sea ice conditions and radar incide...

C. M. M. Butakka, and F. H. Ragonha, and S. Train, and G. D. Pinha, and A. M. Takeda

Abstract Ecological studies on food webs have considerably increased in recent decades, especially in aquatic communities. Because Chironomidae family are highly specious, occurring in almost all aquatic habitats is considered organisms-key to initiate studies on ecological relationships and trophic webs. We tested the hypothesis that the diversity of the morphospecies diet reflects differences on both the food items available among habitats and the preferences of larval feeding. We analyzed the...

Celalettin Aydın, and Adnan Tokaç, and Zafer Tosunoğlu

Usharani P, and Nutalapati C, and Pokuri VK, and Kumar CU, and Taduri G

Pingali Usharani,1 Chandrasekhar Nutalapati,1 Venkata Kishan Pokuri,1 Chiranjeevi Uday Kumar,1 Gangadhar Taduri,21Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2Department of Nephrology, Nizam&#39;s Institute of Medical Sciences, Panjagutta, Hyderabad, India Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of standardized aqueous extracts of Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellerica versus febuxostat and placebo on reduction in serum uric acid levels in subjects with hyperuricemi...

Marie Kotovitch, and Sébastien Moreau, and Jiayun Zhou, and Martin Vancoppenolle, and Gerhard S. Dieckmann, and Karl-Ulrich Evers, and Fanny Van der Linden, and David N. Thomas, and Jean-Louis Tison, and Bruno Delille

Abstract Given rapid sea ice changes in the Arctic Ocean in the context of climate warming, better constraints on the role of sea ice in CO2 cycling are needed to assess the capacity of polar oceans to buffer the rise of atmospheric CO2 concentration. Air-ice CO2 fluxes were measured continuously using automated chambers from the initial freezing of a sea ice cover until its decay during the INTERICE V experiment at the Hamburg Ship Model Basin. Cooling seawater prior to sea ice formation acted ...

O. G. J. Riche, and J. R. Christian

Dinitrogen fixation (DNF) provides a large fraction of the ‘new’ nitrogen supporting upper ocean productivity, and is associated with environmental conditions likely to show substantial change under anthropogenic warming. For example, surface warming induces stronger stratification, weaker nutrient supply and more rapid nutrient depletion. Using six Earth System Models, we have examined spatial patterns and trends of DNF in the CMIP5 historical and RCP 8.5 experiments. Four models (CanESM2, CESM...

Sudalayandi Kannappan, and Krishnamoorthy Sivakumar, and Satyanarayan Sethi

Application of chemicals for monitoring if Vibrio outbreaks can enhance resistance in mangrove (Rhizophora apiculata) leaves extract was tested against bioluminescence disease-causing Vibrio harveyi bacteria. An inhibitory zone of 12 mm was observed at 350 µg/mL The growth of V. harveyi was decreased from 0.783 to 0.533 (OD600) as compared to control (0.970 to 1.031 OD) against R. apiculata extract. The extract was treated against virulence produced by V. harveyi, the crude bacteriocin values de...

Mario eLópez-Pérez, and Ana-Belen eMartin-Cuadrado, and Francisco eRodriguez-Valera

Different strains of the same prokaryotic species, even very similar ones, vary in large regions of their genomes. This flexible genome represents a huge reservoir of diversity that allows prokaryotes to exploit their environment efficiently. Most of the flexible genome is concentrated in genomic islands, some of which are present in all the strains and coding for similar functions but containing different genes. These replacement genomic islands are typically involved in exposed cellular struct...

P. J. Kushner, and L. R. Mudryk, and W. Merryfield, and J. T. Ambadan, and A. Berg, and A. Bichet, and R. Brown, and C. Derksen, and S. J. Déry, and A. Dirkson, and G. Flato, and C. G. Fletcher, and J. C. Fyfe, and N. Gillett, and C. Haas, and C. Haas, and S. Howell, and F. Laliberté, and K. McCusker, and M. Sigmond, and R. Sospedra-Alfonso, and N. F. Tandon, and C. Thackeray, and B. Tremblay, and F. W. Zwiers

The Canadian Sea Ice and Snow Evolution (CanSISE) Network is a climate research network focused on developing and applying state-of-the-art observational data to advance dynamical prediction, projections, and understanding of seasonal snow cover and sea ice in Canada and the circumpolar Arctic. This study presents an assessment from the CanSISE Network of the ability of the second-generation Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2) and the Canadian Seasonal to Interannual Prediction System (...

Antonio Fernando Caetano Tombolato, and Luiz Antonio Ferraz Matthes, and Carlos Eduardo Ferreira de Castro, and Luis Alberto Saes, and Mauro Hideo Sugimori, and Ana Maria Molini Costa

‘IAC Astral’ possui espata coral e espádice branca. Foi selecionada entre plantas introduzidas à coleção do IAC, em Campinas, durante os anos 50-60. Plantas micropropagadas são cultivadas sob telado com 70% a 80% de sombra em canteiro com substrato orgânico. Touceiras de dois anos produziram, em media, 7,5 flores. A durabilidade comercial pós-colheita é de 20 dias.

S.S.S. De S. Jagoda, and Karim Honein, and Appudurai Arulkanthan, and Hideki Ushio, and Shuichi Asakawa

Here we report the draft genome sequence and annotation of A. veronii strain Ae52 isolated from the kidney of a morbund, septicaemic gold fish (Carassius auratus) in Sri Lanka. This clinical isolate showed resistance to multiple antimicrobials; amoxicillin, neomycin, trimethoprim-sulphonamide, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, enrofloxacin, erythromycin and nitrofurantoin. The size of the draft genome is 4.56 Mbp with 58.66% of G + C content consisting 4328 coding sequences. It harbors a repertoire...

Anton Chichvarkhin

A new sea star species, H. djakonovi sp.n., was discovered in Rudnaya Bay in the Sea of Japan. This is a sympatric species of the well-known and common species Henricia pseudoleviuscula Djakonov, 1958. Both species are similar in body size and proportions, shape of skeletal plates, and life coloration, which distinguishes them from the other Henricia species inhabiting the Sea of Japan. Nevertheless, these species can be distinguished by their abactinal spines: in both species, they are short an...

Ülo Suursaar, and Kaire Torn, and Georg Martin, and Kristjan Herkül, and Tiit Kullas

The aim of the study was to investigate hydrodynamic effects on the formation of beach wrack at three locations in the northern Baltic Sea and to quantify the differences between the composition of species found in the beach wrack and in the neighbouring sea. Hydrodynamic measurements and modelling indicated that the beach wrack was mostly of local origin and that it was formed during high sea level and wave events. Comparison of the methods of beach wrack sampling and seabed sampling (diver, un...

Clélia Neves Afonso

The <i>Fucus spiralis</i> is a brown seaweed found on the Portuguese coast used as wound healing in traditional medicine were their antioxidant, immunostimulant, anticoagulant, antibacterial properties and also remineralizing, smoothing, moisturizing capacities and anti-tumor action were studied with proved results. These seaweed are one of the several described in the European Pharmacopoeia, making <i>F.spiralis</i> a seaweed with great potential for the development of new drugs and/or pharmace...

Nancy G. Prouty, and Peter W. Swarzenski, and Joseph K. Fackrell, and Karen Johannesson, and C. Diane Palmore

Study region: The groundwater influenced coastal waters along the arid Kona coast ofthe Big Island, Hawai’i. Study focus: A salinity-and phase partitioning-based mixing experiment was constructed using contrasting groundwater endmembers along the arid Konacoast of the Big Island, Hawai’i and local open seawater to better understand biogeochemical and physicochemical processes that influence the fate of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD)-derived nutrients and trace elements. New Hydrological I...

Arieli Matheus Cherobim, and Henrique Lazzarotto, and Francisco Langeani

ABSTRACT A new species of loricariid catfish is described from the rio Perequê-Açú and surrounding basins, Parati, Rio de Janeiro State. The new species has the accessory process of ceratobranchial 1 more slender than the main body of the ceratobranchial, and a very large sesamoid ossification, markedly greater in size than the interhyal. Additionally, the new species presents a distinct dorsal color pattern consisting of a conspicuous horseshoe shaped light blotch with a central dark area poste...

Bettina Eck-Varanka, and Nora Kováts, and Katalin Hubai, and Gábor Paulovits, and Árpád Ferincz, and Eszter Horváth

Objective: To assess the genotoxic potential of selected aquatic macrophytes: Ceratophyllum demersum L. (hornwort, family Ceratophyllaceae), Typha angustifolia L. (narrowleaf cattail, family Typhaceae), Stratiotes aloides L. (water soldier, family Butomaceae), and Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir. (water dropwort, family Umbelliferae). Methods: For genotoxicity assessment, the mussel micronucleus test was applied. Micronucleus frequency was determined from the haemolymph of Unio pictorum L. (pai...

Ramalingam Vijayakumar, and Kuzhanthaivel Raja, and Vijayapoopathi Singaravel, and Ayyaru Gopalakrishnan

Objective: To identify fish tumour associated bacteria. Methods: The marine fish Sphyraena jello with odontoma was collected from in Tamil Nadu (Southeast India), and tumour associated bacteria were isolated. Then the isolated bacteria were identified based on molecular characters. Results: A total of 4 different bacterial species were isolated from tumour tissue. The bacterial species were Bacillus sp., Pontibacter sp., Burkholderia sp. and Macrococcus sp., and the sequences were su...

Johannes Bieser, and Corinna Schrum

Abstract The cycling of mercury between ocean and atmosphere is an important part of the global Hg cycle. Here we study the regional contribution of the air-sea exchange in the North- and Baltic Sea region. We use a newly developed coupled regional chemistry transport modeling (CTM) system to determine the flux between atmosphere and ocean based on the meteorological model COSMO-CLM, the ocean-ecosystem model ECOSMO, the atmospheric CTM CMAQ and a newly developed module for mercury partitioning ...

Dipankar Ghosh, and Jayanta Kumar Biswas

Background: Oxbow lakes are abundant in indigenous fishes, but they are subject to unsustainable fishing practices, potential overexploitation, and indiscriminate use of fine-meshed fishing gear. To quantify the catch per unit effort (CPUE) and impact of fishing gears on fish abundance, a survey was carried out in an oxbow lake in eastern India. Methods: The gear-wise CPUE for fish caught in per unit hour of operation was calculated by dividing the total sampling gear catch in biomass, whic...

Gu YF, and Tian QH, and Li YD, and Wu CG, and Su Y, and Song HM, and He CJ, and Chen D

Yi-Feng Gu,1 Qing-Hua Tian,1 Yong-Dong Li,1 Chun-Gen Wu,1 Yan Su,2 Hong-Mei Song,1 Cheng-Jian He,1 Dong Chen,2 1Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, 2Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People&rsquo;s Hospital, Shanghai, People&rsquo;s Republic of China Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) and interventional tumor removal (ITR), with PVP alone for malignant vertebral compression f...

Jongen PJ, and Sinnige LG, and van Geel BM, and Verheul F, and Verhagen WI, and van der Kruijk RA, and Haverkamp R, and Schrijver HM, and Baart JC, and Visser LH, and Arnoldus EP, and Gilhuis HJ, and Pop P, and Booy M, and Lemmens W, and Donders R, and Kool A, and van Noort E

Peter Joseph Jongen,1,2 Ludovicus G Sinnige,3 Bj&ouml;rn M van Geel,4 Freek Verheul,5 Wim l Verhagen,6 Ruud A van der Kruijk,7 Reinoud Haverkamp,8 Hans M Schrijver,9 J Coby Baart,10 Leo H Visser,11 Edo&nbsp;P Arnoldus,12 H Jacobus Gilhuis,13 Paul Pop,14 Monique Booy,15 Wim Lemmens,16 Rogier Donders,16 Anton Kool,17 Esther van Noort17 1Department of Community and Occupational Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University Groningen, Groningen, 2MS4 Research Institute, Nijmegen, 3Multi...

Dolejš, Petr

The arachnological collection of the National Museum, Prague contains material preserved in ethanol and a microscopic slide of Recent sea spiders (Pycnogonida: Pantopoda). The collection is small, containing only twelve specimens. A revision of all of them revealed the presence of nine species from five families: Anoplodactylus lentus Wilson, 1878, Boreonymphon abyssorum (Norman, 1873), Callipallene sp., Endeis spinosa (Montagu, 1808), Nymphon grossipes (Fabricius, 1780), Nymphon hirtipes Bell, ...

Caner Enver Özyurt, and Erhan Akamca, and Volkan Barış Kiyağa, and Ali Sabri Taşlıel

Elaine Aparecida de Oliveira, and Leandro Calado, and Alexandre Macedo Fernandes

An empirical orthogonal function-based technique was used to reconstruct missing data of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) images. Sea surface temperature data was used to assess the benefits of a univariate reconstruction, and the combination of both SST and Maps of Sea Level Anomalies (MSLA) data was used in a multivariate approach. In the multivariate approach the effect of addition of MSLA data in the reconstruction of Brazil Current (BC) features was assessed. Results were satisfactory in both...

Reetha Nundulall

Background: Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) need to ensure that the education provided meets the student’s and employer’s requirements, for today and the future. However, in addition to the challenges of teaching and learning, internationalisation, globalisation and world university rankings are rearing their heads thus increasing the demands made on many HEIs. Objective: One of the ways in which HEIs can make their mark is through world university rankings. This may be achieved by exposin...

Yehia I. Abu Seif, and Salah El-Din M. El-Miniawy, and Nashwa A.I. Abu El-Azm, and Amal Z. Hegazi

Two field experiments were conducted during the two growing summer seasons of 2013 and 2014, at the experimental farm of vegetables at Kaha, Qalyubia Governorate, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Egypt, in order to investigate the effect of seed size, plant density and foliar application with some algae extracts on growth and seed yield of snap bean cv. valentino. A split–split plot design was used with three replications, where three sizes i.e., large, small and control (without grading) were...

Seyed-Mohammad Seyed-Hosseini, and K. Khalili Damghani

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C. Kleinert, and M. Mournier, and M. Fortier, and P. Brousseau, and S. DeGuise, and M. Fournier

&nbsp;Not available

S M Seck, and M M Cisse, and E F Ka, and D Doupa

M. H. Iversen, and H. Ploug

Most deep ocean carbon flux profiles show low and almost constant fluxes of particulate organic carbon (POC) in the deep ocean. However, the reason for the non-changing POC fluxes at depths is unknown. This study presents direct measurements of formation, degradation, and sinking velocity of diatom aggregates from laboratory studies performed at 15 °C and 4 °C during a three-week experiment. The average carbon-specific respiration rate during the experiment was 0.12 ± 0.03 at 15 °C, and decrease...

Roman Koch, and Esmail Moussavian, and Bojan Ogorelec, and Dragomir Skaberne, and Ioan I. Bucur

A Middle-Aptian (zone of Palorbitolina lenticularis) „patch reef“ of about 40 m maximum thickness with marked morphology was analyzed at the Sabotin Mountain near Nova Gorica. It is developed above an basal unit of superficial oolites within lagoonal sediments and is overlain by shallow subtidal to intertidal sediments which reveal short time periodically subaerial exposure and early diagenetic freshwater influxes (birds eyes, vadose silt, characeans). Above these sediments within the zone of Sa...

S. B. Dalsøren, and M. S. Eide, and Ø. Endresen, and A. Mjelde, and G. Gravir, and I. S. A. Isaksen

A reliable and up-to-date ship emission inventory is essential for atmospheric scientists quantifying the impact of shipping and for policy makers implementing regulations and incentives for emission reduction. The emission modelling in this study takes into account ship type and size dependent input data for 15 ship types and 7 size categories. Global port arrival and departure data for more than 32 000 merchant ships are used to establish operational profiles for the ship segments. The modelle...

Mohit Kheur, and Jay D Matani, and Mohammad Latifi

Background and Objective: The success of a removable denture is measured by its retention and stability which rely on the structural integrity exhibited by the underlying residual ridge. However the residual ridge undergoes a progressive resorption, causing a reduction in its size. The multifactorial etiology of the reduction of residual ridges makes it significant for the operator to try and understand as well as to predict the rate of resorption prior to fabrication of dentures. The objective ...

G. J. Roelofs

With the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM we investigate the potential influence of organic aerosol originating from the ocean on aerosol mass and chemical composition and the droplet concentration and size of marine clouds. We present sensitivity simulations in which the uptake of organic matter in the marine aerosol is prescribed for each aerosol mode with varying organic mass and mixing state, and with a geographical distribution and seasonality similar to the oceanic emission of dimet...

Mark D. Bowen, and Simone Marques, and Luiz G. M. Silva, and Volney Vono, and Hugo P. Godinho

On site human observations and video images were collected and compared at the window of the Igarapava Dam fish ladder (IDFL), rio Grande , Southeastern Brazil, between March 1st and June 30th, 2004. We conducted four experiments with two humans (Observer 1 and Observer 2) observing fish passage in the IDFL window while a Sony 3CCD video camera (Observer 3) recorded fish passage at the same time. Experiments, each one hour in length, were distributed throughout the diel cycle using full spectrum...

N. Starco

Purpose. The determination of a maximum annual amount of fish reared in cagesm which does not result in the deterioration of the ecological state of water cooling ponds of the Zmiev Thermal Power Plant and Kursk Nuclear Power Plant series Ι and ΙΙ. Methodology. The specific (per 1 ton of farmed fish) nutrient intake necessary for calculations was determined according to the data of own studies. For this purpose, we perfrormed the determination of the input of suspended solids into cooling pon...

LR Almeida, and IS Costa, and EM Eskinazi-Sant'Anna

Guaraíras Lagoon is a shallow coastal lagoon subject to intense human impacts, including shrimp aquaculture, urban expansion and agricultural activities, and is therefore vulnerable to eutrophication. With the aim of detecting the effects of human-mediated disturbance and environmental change in the lagoon, a spatial-temporal study was conducted in order to assess the actual ecological status of the lagoon and the species composition and density of the mesozooplankton, highlighting copepod assem...

Barbera C, and Milito P, and Punturieri M, and Asti E, and Bonavina L

Cinzia Barbera,1 Pamela Milito,2 Michele Punturieri,1 Emanuele Asti,2 Luigi Bonavina2 1Anesthesiology Unit, 2Department of General Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, University of Milan Medical School, Milano, Italy Background: Pain is a major limiting factor in patient&rsquo;s recovery from major thoracic surgical procedures. Thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA), the current gold standard of perioperative management, has contraindications, can technically fail, and carries a risk of complicati...

G. Wolff, and GC Pereira, and EM Castro, and J Louzada, and FF Coelho

This study shows, in a multiple-level approach, the responses of Salvinia auriculata to Cd pollution in aquatic ecosystems. S. auriculata ramets were cultivated in nutrient solution and subjected to five treatments with Cd for ten days. At the end of the experiment, the number of new ramets and the dry biomass were determined. For ultrastructural observations, the leaves of S. auriculata were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. At the end of the ex...

L. Bröder, and T. Tesi, and J. A. Salvadó, and I. P. Semiletov, and O. V. Dudarev, and Ö. Gustafsson

Ongoing global warming in high latitudes may cause an increasing supply of permafrost-derived organic carbon through both river discharge and coastal erosion to the Arctic shelves. Mobilized permafrost carbon can be either buried in sediments, transported to the deep sea or degraded to CO₂ and outgassed, potentially constituting a positive feedback to climate change. <br><br> This study aims to assess the fate of terrigenous organic carbon (TerrOC) in the Arctic marine environment by ...

Jorge Valdés, and Abdel Sifeddine

Se midió la concentración de carbono total, nitrógeno total, azufre total, materia orgánica, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cu y Zn en sedimentos costeros (10 m de profundidad de columna de agua) de ocho sectores de la bahía Mejillones. La composición elemental de los sedimentos sería el resultado de la abundante materia orgánica autóctona presente en este sistema costero. El orden de abundancia de los metales analizados fue: Zn > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cd. La concentración de metales no se explicaría por el contenido de ...

Marta Seoane

Aquaculture facilities are a potential source of antibiotics to the aquatic ecosystems. The presence of these compounds in the environment may have deleterious effects on non-target aquatic organisms such as microalgae, which are often used as biological indicators of pollution. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the toxicity induced by chloramphenicol (CHL), florfenicol (FLO) and oxytetracycline (OTC), three antibiotics widely used in aquaculture, on the marine microalgae <...

P. G. Brewer

This review covers the development of ocean acidification science, with an emphasis on the creation of ocean chemical knowledge, through the course of the 20th century. This begins with the creation of the pH scale by Sørensen in 1909 and ends with the widespread knowledge of the impact of the "High CO₂ Ocean" by then well underway as the trajectory along the IPCC scenario pathways continues. By mid-century the massive role of the ocean in absorbing fossil fuel CO₂ was know...