G. Lammel, and M. D. Mulder, and P. Shahpoury, and P. Kukučka, and H. Lišková, and P. Přibylová, and R. Prokeš, and G. Wotawa

Nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAH) are ubiquitous in polluted air but little is known about their abundance in background air. NPAHs were studied at one marine and one continental background site, i.e. a coastal site in the southern Aegean Sea (summer 2012) and a site in the central Great Hungarian Plain (summer 2013), together with the parent compounds, PAHs. A Lagrangian particle dispersion model was used to track air mass history. Based on Lagrangian particle statistics, the urban ...

Manukyan Larisa Vladimirovna, and Markaryan Venera Artsrunovna

Medium-Earth orbit satellite systems make it possible to provide services on time coordination and navigation support for a wide range of consumers. At present, there are global navigation satellite systems GLONASS (Russia) and GPS (USA). Users of these systems have an opportunity to determine their location accurately with the given characteristics of their navigation devices. In all developed countries the progress of geodesy and cartography is closely related to the implementation of advanced...

A. CHEMINÉE, and B. MERIGOT, and M. A. VANDERKLIFT, and P. FRANCOUR

Human activities facilitate coastal habitat transformation and homogenization. The spread of marine invasive species is one example. This in turn may influence fish recruitment and the subsequent replenishment of adult assemblages. We tested habitat complexity effect on fish (Teleostei) recruitment by experimentally manipulating meadows of the habitat-forming invasive macroalga Caulerpa taxifolia (Chlorophyta). Among the fourteen fish species recorded during the experiment, only two labrids (Cor...

Cecília Pacheco, and Ana Costa, and Joana Amado, and Paula Almeida

Tara eRachakonda, and Joshua S. Shimony, and Rebecca S Coalson, and Judith Eunkyung Cho Lieu

Objective: Language acquisition was assumed to proceed normally in children with unilateral hearing loss (UHL) since they have one functioning ear. However, children with UHL score poorly on speech-language tests and have higher rates of educational problems compared to normal hearing (NH) peers. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an imaging modality used to measure microstructural integrity of brain white matter. The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate differences in fractional aniso...

Murray Alan Rudd

Diverse natural and social science research is needed to support policies to recover and sustain healthy oceans. While a wide variety of expert-led prioritization initiatives have identified research themes and priorities at national and regional scale, over the past several years there has also been a surge in the number of scanning exercises that have identified important environmental research questions and issues ‘from the bottom-up’. From those questions, winnowed from thousands of contribu...

S.S. Jadhav, and B.E. Yadav

A list of 41 species of fishes from Solapur District housed at the Western Regional Station of the Zoological Survey of India, Pune along with a new record of Rasbora caverii (Jerdon) from Maharashtra State is provided.

Sharon Erdrich, and Karen S. Bishop, and Nishi Karunasinghe, and Dug Yeo Han, and Lynnette R. Ferguson

Carcinoma of the prostate is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the third leading cause of mortality in New Zealand men, making it a significant health issue in this country. Global distribution patterns suggest that diet and lifestyle factors may be linked to the development and progression of this cancer. Twenty men with diagnosed prostate cancer adhered to a Mediterranean diet, with specific adaptations, for three months. Prostate-specific antigen, C-reactive protein and DNA damage we...

H. Berresheim, and M. Adam, and C. Monahan, and C. O'Dowd, and J. M. C. Plane, and B. Bohn, and F. Rohrer

Diurnal and seasonal variations of gaseous sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and methane sulfonic acid (MSA) were measured in NE Atlantic air at the Mace Head atmospheric research station during the years 2010 and 2011. The measurements utilized selected-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (SI/CIMS) with a detection limit for both compounds of 4.3 × 10⁴ cm⁻³ at 5 min signal integration. The H₂SO₄ and MSA gas-phase concentrations were an...

Takashi Kobayashi, and Ikuko Kakizaki, and Hiroyuki Nozaka, and Toshiya Nakamura

Because cartilage lacks nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, it is thought to contain factors that inhibit the growth and development of those tissues. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are a major extracellular component in cartilage. CSPGs contribute to joint flexibility and regulate extracellular signaling via their attached glycosaminoglycan, chondroitin sulfate (CS). CS and CSPG inhibit axonal regeneration; however, their role in blood vessel formation is largely unknown. T...

Mario La Mesa, and Mauro Sinopoli, and Franco Andaloro

The microstructural analysis of the sagittal otoliths of juvenile Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, can be used to estimate the age and growth rate of young-of-the-year individuals born in the Mediterranean. Samples of juvenile bluefin tuna, obtained as by-catch of the local small-scale pelagic fishery for Atlantic bonito and dolphinfish, were collected off the northern coast of Sicily between late August and early November 2002. Otolith age readings were carried out on 56 specimens rangin...

Salvador Pons Bordería, and Ana Cristina Macário Lopes

This paper aims at fulfilling a twofold objective: to highlight the functional differences between Portuguese ou seja and Spanish o sea and to do so by making use of a model of discourse segmentation, namely, the one developed in Briz and GrupoVal.Es.Co. (2003). The results have shown that OSS share most of their functions and differ in the wider range of functions of o sea, which has modal functions that are not shared by ou seja

R. Pereira, and K. Schneider-Zapp, and R. C. Upstill-Goddard

Understanding the physical and biogeochemical controls of air–sea gas exchange is necessary for establishing biogeochemical models for predicting regional- and global-scale trace gas fluxes and feedbacks. To this end we report the results of experiments designed to constrain the effect of surfactants in the sea surface microlayer (SML) on the gas transfer velocity (<i>k</i>_w; cm h⁻¹), seasonally (2012–2013) along a 20 km coastal transect (North East UK). We measured total s...

Petr Zavada

The real, interacting elementary particle always consists of a ‘bare’ particle and a cloud of virtual particles mediating a self-interaction and/or the bond inside a composite object. In this letter we discuss the question of spin content of the virtual cloud in two different cases: electron and quark. Further, the quark spin is discussed in the context of proton spin, which is generated by the interplay of quarks and virtual gluons. We present a general constraint on the gluon contribution and ...

F. Günther, and P. P. Overduin, and I. A. Yakshina, and T. Opel, and A. V. Baranskaya, and M. N. Grigoriev

Observations of coastline retreat using contemporary very high resolution satellite and historical aerial imagery were compared to measurements of open water fraction, summer air temperature, and wind. We analysed seasonal and interannual variations of thawing-induced cliff top retreat (thermo-denudation) and marine abrasion (thermo-abrasion) on Muostakh Island in the southern central Laptev Sea. Geomorphometric analysis revealed that total ground ice content on Muostakh is made up of equal amou...

Monica Moraes Lins de Barros, and Débora de Oliveira Pires

Colony size-frequency distributions of reef corals may be used to infer growth potential and population responses upon environmental changes. The present paper compares the size structure of colonies of Siderastrea stellata Verrill, 1868,among 11 sites, six of them distributed along a gradient of sediment deposition in Abrolhos, Bahia, Brazil (18º S). Results indicated that the population structure is likely to be influenced by local conditions, rather than large scale factors, such as latitude....

Edmond M, and Neville F, and Khalil HS

Mark Edmond,1&nbsp;Francesca Neville,2&nbsp;Hisham S Khalil3 1Peninsula Medical School, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 2ENT Department, Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 3Plymouth University Peninsula School of Medicine, Plymouth, United Kingdom Background: This pilot study conducted at the Peninsula Medical School is one of very few studies to compare the use of video podcasts to traditional learning resources for medical students. Methods: We developed written handouts and vid...

Tim Scott, and Pete Allison, and Kris von Wald, and Omolabake Fakunle

Much evidence to link youth expeditions and gap years with a range of outcome benefits for participants exists, but to date, there have been relatively few insights into what exactly brings about these reported outcomes. A modified version of the Sail Training Voyage Toolkit (2011) was used to evaluate outcomes of a five-week British Exploring Society youth expedition in the Himalayas. Data generated from 22 participants completing the modified Sail Training Voyage Feedback Form at the end of th...

Biard K, and Douglass AB, and Robillard R, and De Koninck J

Kathleen Biard,1,2 Alan B Douglass,2,3 R&eacute;becca Robillard,2 Joseph De Koninck1,2 1School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 2University of Ottawa Institute for Mental Health Research, 3Royal Ottawa Mental Health Center, University of Ottawa Institute for Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada Rationale: The serotonergic and cholinergic systems are jointly involved in regulating sleep but this system is theorized to be disturbed in depressed individuals. We previously reported that c...

Foadi N, and Karst M, and Frese-Gaul A, and Rahe-Meyer N, and Krömer S, and Weilbach C

Nilufar Foadi,1,* Matthias Karst,1,* Anika Frese-Gaul,2 Niels Rahe-Meyer,3 Stefan Kr&ouml;mer,1 Christian Weilbach&nbsp;4 1Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Clinic, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 2Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, AHG Psychosomatische Klinik Bad Pyrmont, Bad Pyrmont, 3Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Franziskus Hospital, Bielefeld, 4Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Emergency Medicine an...

Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is an emerging health problem in young females characterized by ovarian dysfunction and hyperandrogenism. Existing information indicates a positive role of homoeopathy but more rigorous studies are desirable. This protocol has been developed to undertake a pilot study to evaluate the efficacy of homoeopathic intervention using established diagnostic criteria. Methods/Design: It will be a multi-centric, randomized, placebo controlled pilot study wit...

Hinrich Kaiser, and César L. Barrio-Amorós, and Gilson A. Rivas, and Claus Steinlein, and Michael Schmid

<p class="p1">Fieldwork in the cloud forest of Venezuela’s remote Península de Paria in 2001 resulted in the collection of several specimens that could unquestionably be classified as members of the genus <em>Pristimantis</em>.  Subsequent analysis of comparative material in museum collections brought the total number of specimens to 44, and these collectively represent five new species. Two of these species, <em>P. geminus </em>sp. nov. and <em>P. nubisilva</em> sp. nov., have phenotypes remark...

Ibrahim S. Seddiek, and Mohamed M. Elgohary

Increasing amounts of ships exhaust gases emitted worldwide forced the International Maritime Organization to issue some restricted maritime legislation for reducing the adverse environmental impacts arising from such emissions. Consequently, ships emission reduction became one of the technical and economical challenges that facing the ships' operators. The present paper addresses the different strategies that can be used to reduce those emissions, especially nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides. T...

Christopher D. Stallings, and James A. Nelson, and Katherine L. Rozar, and Charles S. Adams, and Kara R. Wall, and Theodore S. Switzer, and Brent L. Winner, and David J. Hollander

Research that uses stable isotope analysis often involves a delay between sample collection in the field and laboratory processing, therefore requiring preservation to prevent or reduce tissue degradation and associated isotopic compositions. Although there is a growing literature describing the effects of various preservation techniques, the results are often contextual, unpredictable and vary among taxa, suggesting the need to treat each species individually. We conducted a controlled experime...

Jessica A. Grieger, and Michelle D. Miller, and Lynne Cobiac

Background: Aging is a condition of chronic inflammation. In healthy Australians ≥64 years, the primary aim was to determine whether four servings/week of mixed fish (FISH) improves serum cytokines (i.e. C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α) compared to a diet low in fish (<1 serving/week, CONTROL); the secondary aims were to assess the effect of the diet on blood pressure and serum lipids (TC, HDL-C, TG, calculated LDL-C). Methods: An 8-week randomized, parallel study, stratified by CRP ...

B. Giaccio, and E. Regattieri, and G. Zanchetta, and B. Wagner, and P. Galli, and G. Mannella, and E. Niespolo, and E. Peronace, and P. R. Renne, and S. Nomade, and G. P. Cavinato, and P. Messina, and A. Sposato, and C. Boschi, and F. Florindo, and F. Marra, and L. Sadori

An 82 m long sedimentary succession was retrieved from the Fucino Basin, the largest intermountain tectonic depression of the central Apennines. The basin hosts a succession of fine-grained lacustrine sediments (ca. 900 m-thick) possibly continuously spanning the last 2 Ma. A preliminary tephrostratigraphy study allows us to ascribe the drilled 82 m long record to the last 180 ka. Multi-proxy geochemical analyses (XRF scanning, total organic/inorganic carbon, nitrogen and sulfur, oxygen isotopes...

Everett Cosio Salas, and Everett Cosio Salas, and Rohit eBhartia, and Louise eAnderson, and William eHug, and Ray D. Reid, and Gerardo eIturrino, and Katrina eEdwards

The deep biosphere is a major frontier to science. Recent studies have shown the presence and activity of cells in deep marine sediments and in the continental deep biosphere. Volcanic lavas in the deep ocean subsurface, through which substantial fluid flow occurs, present another potentially massive deep biosphere. We present results from the deployment of a novel in-situ logging tool designed to detect microbial life harbored in a deep, native, borehole environment within igneous oceanic cru...

E. Christien Michael Parsons, and Dominick A. DellaSala, and Andrew John Wright

Pant H. K.

Enzymes catalyzing ammonium (NH4+)/nitrate (NO3–) into nitrous oxide (N2O)/molecular nitrogen (N2), play critical roles in water quality management. The objective of this paper was to investigate the role of extra-cellular enzymes in cycling of nitrogen (N) in aquatic systems. It appears that N in estuaries, salt marshes, etc., does not stay long enough to be available for uptake, thus, creating N limited conditions. This study showed that indigenous extra-cellular nitrate reductase alo...

Budrukkar Ashwini, and Jalali Rakesh, and Kamble Rashmi, and Parab Sachin

<b>Aim:</b> To translate and validate the European Organisation for Research and Treatment for Cancer (EORTC) brain cancer module (BN-20) into Hindi to make it available for patients and scientific community. <b> Methods and Results:</b> The EORTC BN-20 was translated into Hindi using standard guidelines by EORTC. The process included forward translation by two translators, discussion with the translators in case of discrepancies and formation of first intermediate questionnaire. This questio...

Yzel Rondon Súarez, and Miguel Petrere Júnior

Com o objetivo de verificar a importância da variação longitudinal, sazonal e a influência das características físicas e químicas da água sobre a diversidade de espécies de peixes realizamos amostragens trimestrais, entre Novembro/1999 e Agosto/2000, em três pontos amostrais no rio Jogui e oito pontos amostrais no rio Iguatemi-MS. A variação longitudinal foi mais importante que a variação sazonal na determinação da riqueza e número de indivíduos no rio Jogui, no entanto, a equitabilidade não apr...

Sônia Maria Barreto Pereira, and Miguel da Costa Accioly

É apresentado o levantamento florístico sobre as clorofíceas marinhas bentônicas encontradas na Praia de Serrambi, litoral Sul do Estado de Pernambuco. O material estudado foi coletado em três estações, as quais foram visitadas mensalmente durante o período de abril de 1986 a setembro de 1987. As clorofíceas foram representadas na flora local por 39 espécies, três variedades e uma forma, pertencentes às ordens Ulotrichales, Ulvales, Siphonocladales, Cladophorales, Caulerpales e Dasycladales. Ace...

Z. L. Fleming, and L. J. Carpenter, and A. C. Lewis, and S. J. Moller, and J. D. Lee, and K. A. Read, and M. J. Evans, and D. Stone, and L. K. Whalley, and S. Vaughan, and T. Ingham, and D. E. Heard

Field measurements of the hydroxyl radical, OH, are crucial for our understanding of tropospheric chemistry. However, observations of this key atmospheric species in the tropical marine boundary layer, where the warm, humid conditions and high solar irradiance lend themselves favourably to production, are sparse. The Seasonal Oxidant Study at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory in 2009 allowed, for the first time, seasonal measurements of both OH and HO₂ in a clean (i.e. low NO<sub...

I. Obernosterer, and P. Catala, and R. Lami, and J. Caparros, and J. Ras, and A. Bricaud, and C. Dupuy, and F. van Wambeke, and P. Lebaron

The chemical and biological characteristics of the surface microlayer were determined during a transect across the South Pacific Ocean in October-December 2004. Concentrations of particulate organic carbon (1.3 to 7.6-fold) and nitrogen (1.4 to 7-fold), and POC:PON ratios were consistently higher in the surface microlayer as compared to surface waters (5 m). The large variability in particulate organic matter enrichment was negatively correlated to wind speed. No enhanced concentrations of disso...

A. De Lavenne, and A. De Lavenne, and C. Cudennec, and C. Cudennec

Many coastal basins of the Brittany peninsula (France) display a high level of nitrate pollution, nine of them highlighted by the European Commission since 2007, as causing algal blooms in several coastal bays. To precisely diagnose and solve this issue the fluxes of every contributing basin have to be considered. However, this faces a strong data-scarce situation as most of the basins are ungauged. In this context, we propose to transpose hydrological information from one gauged basin to neighb...

Ivona Mladineo, and Ivana Bušelić, and Jerko Hrabar, and Ivana Radonić, and Anamarija Vrbatović, and Slaven Jozić, and Željka Trumbić

Commercially available probiotics are routinely administered as feed supplements in aquaculture important species. Among them, the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is the most widely reared fish in the Mediterranean, whose rearing systems are highly variable between countries, affecting at some level the sustainability of production. After random isolation of autochthonous gut bacteria of the sea bass, their identification and pathogenicity testing, we have selected three potentially pro...

Tim Rixen, and Carlos Jiménez, and Jorge Cortés

The Gulf of Papagayo, Pacific coast of Costa Rica, is one of the three seasonal upwelling areas of Mesoamerica. In April 2009, a 29-hour experiment was carried out at the pier of the Marina Papagayo, Culebra Bay. We determined sea surface temperature (SST), dissolved oxygen concentration, salinity, pH, and the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2). The aragonite saturation state (Ωa) as well as the other parameters of the marine carbonate system such as the total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and th...

Marcus Reckermann

Flow sorting can be a very helpful tool in revealing phytoplankton and bacterial community structure and elaborating specific physiological parameters of isolated species. Droplet sorting has been the most common technique. Despite the high optical and hydro-dynamic stress for the cells to be sorted, many species grow in culture subsequent to sorting. To date, flow sorting has been applied to post-incubation separation in natural water samples to account for group-specific physiological paramete...

Krzysztof Wojtas

Introduction With growing focus on fish welfare it is important to develop methods for accessing welfare in farmed fish (Ashley, 2007). One of the biggest issues is to investigate fish affective states (Kittilsen, 2013; Martins et al., 2012). While measuring stress response via corticoid hormones might be a solution in short term stressful events there is a big difficulty in measuring long term welfare. Something that could be stated as “quality of life”. In presented research we investigated wh...

Jiabin Chen, and Chung Chang, and Hung-Chi Huang, and Yu-Che Chung, and Huan-Jung Huang, and Wen Shiung Liou, and An Jen Chiang, and Nelson N.H. Teng

Objective: The objective of this study was to build a model to differentiate between borderline and invasive ovarian tumors. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective study involving 148 patients with borderline or invasive ovarian tumors in our institute between 1997 and 2012. Clinical and pathologic data were collected. Logistic regression was used to build the model. Results: The model was created based on the following variables (p < 0.05): menopausal status; preoperative serum lev...

Elena L.E.S. Wagner, and Dominique G. Roche, and Sandra A. Binning, and Sharon Wismer, and Redouan Bshary

Large disturbances can cause rapid degradation of coral reef communities, but what baseline changes in species assemblages occur on undisturbed reefs through time? We surveyed live coral cover, reef fish abundance and fish species richness in 1997 and again in 2007 on 47 fringing patch reefs of varying size and depth at Mersa Bareika, Ras Mohammed National Park, Egypt. No major human or natural disturbance event occurred between these two survey periods in this remote protected area. In the abse...

Joan E. Cartes, and Pere Abelló, and Domènec Lloris, and Aina Carbonell, and Pedro Torres, and Francesc Maynou, and Luis Gil de Sola

The MEDITS-99 sampling was performed along all the Iberian Peninsula coasts of the western Mediterranean (from the Alborán Sea to Cape Creus) in a space-scale of 1000 Km N-S, at depths ranging between 27-790 m. Fish and decapod crustaceans were dominant in the megafaunal compartment sampled by trawling. Based on both the fish and the decapod crustacean compositions, a comparison of trophic guilds has been attempted, with fish and decapods classified as: 1) migrator macroplankton feeders (mM), 2)...

Robert J. Miller, and Claudette Juska, and John Hocevar

Submarine canyons have been shown to positively influence pelagic and benthic biodiversity and ecosystem function. In the eastern Bering Sea, several immense canyons lie under the highly productive “green belt” along the continental slope. Two of these, Pribilof and Zhemchug canyons, are the focus of current conservation interest. We used a maximum entropy modeling approach to evaluate the importance of these two canyons, as well as canyons in general, as habitat for gorgonian (alcyonacean) cora...

Yan-chao SHI, and Yan-ling SUN, and Zhen-wen LIU, and Fu-sheng WANG, and Ming SHI

Objective　To determine the expression characteristics of peripheral blood follicular helper T cells (Tfh) and their molecules during pre- and post-transplantation period in liver transplant patients to explore the role of Tfh in alloreactive response after liver transplantation. Methods　Twenty liver transplant (LT) patients and 20 healthy individuals as control were enrolled in this study. Thirteen LT patients with stable liver function were included for cross-sectional study. Another seven LT p...

I. D. Lima, and P. J. Lam, and S. C. Doney

The sinking of particulate organic carbon (POC) is a key component of the ocean carbon cycle and plays an important role in the global climate system. However, the processes controlling the fraction of primary production that is exported from the euphotic zone (export ratio) and how much of it survives respiration in the mesopelagic to be sequestered in the deep ocean (transfer efficiency) are not well understood. In this study, we use a three-dimensional, coupled ph...

S. Ohki, and T. Irie, and M. Inoue, and K. Shinmen, and H. Kawahata, and T. Nakamura, and A. Kato, and Y. Nojiri, and A. Suzuki, and K. Sakai, and R. van Woesik

Increasing the acidity of ocean waters will directly threaten calcifying marine organisms such as reef-building scleractinian corals, and the myriad of species that rely on corals for protection and sustenance. Ocean pH has already decreased by around 0.1 pH units since the beginning of the industrial revolution, and is expected to decrease by another 0.2–0.4 pH units by 2100. This study mimicked the pre-industrial, present, and near-future levels of <i>p</i>CO₂ using a precise contro...

YMH Salah Eldeen, and Omer F Idris, and Murwan K Sabahelkhier, and Mohamed I Abdelhaleem

<p class="Default">Wild rabbit fish(<em>Siganus rivulatus</em>)Forssk&aring;l (Teleostei, Siganidae), a herbivorous fish were caught from Suakin near Sudanese Red Sea during February 2010 - January 2011, which were examined for histo-pathological alterations in small intestine infected by a helminthes parasite (<em>Sclerocollum sp.</em>). <em>Sclerocollum sp. </em>was reported for the first time from Suakin near Sudanese Red Sea. Effect of a parasite included: abundance of lymphocytes cell, eosi...

R. J. Wilson, and D. C. Speirs, and A. Sabatino, and M. R. Heath

Seabed sediment mapping is important for a wide range of marine policy, planning and scientific issues, and there has been considerable national and international investment around the world in the collation and synthesis of sediment datasets. However, in Europe at least, much of this effort has been directed towards seabed classification and mapping of discrete habitats. Scientific users often have to resort to reverse engineering these classifications to recover continuous variables, suc...

JinZhao Hu, and AiZhen Zheng, and DongLi Pei, and GuoXin Shi

The cadmium(Cd), copper(Cu) and lead(Pb) accumulation, as well as their relative content of different chemical forms in Sagittaria sagittifolia L. and Potamogeton crispus L. were determined. The results showed that both the plants had the ability to accumulate large amounts of Cd, Cu and Pb, and they absorbed metals in dose-dependent manners. The roots of S. sagittifolia appeared more sensitive to Cd and Pb than the leaves of P. crispus. The potential of Cu uptake by these two plant tissues was ...

Suppasil Maneerat

Biosurfactants are the surface-active molecules synthesized by microorganisms. With the advantage of environmental compatibility, the demand for biosurfactants has been steadily increasing and may eventually replace their chemically synthesized counterparts. Marine biosurfactants produced by some marine microorganisms have been paid more attention, particularly for the bioremediation of the sea polluted by crude oil. This review describes screening of biosurfactant-producing microorganisms, the ...